test method for exterior tire rubbercompoundsWord文档下载推荐.docx
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,aandFrederickIgnatz-Hooverb
aDepartmentofIndustrial,Welding,andSystemsEngineering,TheOhioStateUniversity,Columbus,OH43210,USA
bFlexsysAmerica,L.P.,260SpringsideDrive,POBox5444,Akron,OH44334-0444,USA
Received2May2001;
revised2July2001;
accepted4July2001.
Availableonline25October2001.
Abstract
Agingoftire
rubber
compoundsinrealserviceisaffectedbymultiplefactors.Thisprocesscannotbeaccuratelyrepresentedbyconventionalsingle-factortests.Anovelcyclicagingtestisproposedasamultiplefactor,servicesimulating,acceleratedagingtestmethod.Itincludesfoursub-testsofoxygenbomb,dynamicozone,ultravioletlight,andwatersolutionattack.Theproposedcyclictestiscomparedagainstthermal,dynamicozone,anddynamicoutdooragingbycharacterizingmaterialpropertydegradationasafunctionofagingtime.Fourformulationsofexteriortire
compoundsareusedasexperimentalmaterials.Theexperimentalresultsshowthattheproposedcyclicagingtestisclosertodynamicoutdooragingthantheconventionaldynamicozoneandthermalagingtests.Thestaticmodulusincreaseswiththermalaging,anddecreaseswithdynamicozoneagingtime.Fordynamicoutdoorandcyclicaging,themodulusinitiallyincreases,butthenlaterdecreases,showingtracesofbothofthepreviouslymentionedresults.Itisalsofoundthatthesizeofthespecimenhasasignificantaffectonaging.Sucheffectcanbeutilizedtoacceleratetheartificialagingwithoutelevatingthetemperature.
AuthorKeywords:
Rubber
aging;
Acceleratedaging;
Dynamicozone;
Thermaldegradation;
Dynamicoutdooraging
1.Introduction
Duringstorageandinservice,rubbermaterialsaresubjecttophysicalandchemicalpropertychangesduetoaging.Forgoodlong-termperformance,sustainingthesepropertiesisnolessimportantthanobtainingtheinitialdesiredproperties[1].Inthetirerubberindustry,itisnecessarytoevaluatetheagingresistanceofdifferentcompounds.Unfortunately,thistaskisdifficulttoaccomplishbyroadtestingbecauseitusuallytakesyearstoobserveacompletedagingprocessinrealservice,moreover,theserviceconditionscanbetooarbitrarytobeusedforanyscientificstudy.
Usinganoutdooragingtestcanavoidthecomplicatedserviceconditions,butconsiderablevariationinconditionsfromsitetositeandseasonaldifferencesmakeitverydifficulttomeasurenaturalweatheringinabsoluteterms.Onlyresultsproducedatthesamesiteandduringthesametimeperiodarecomparativelymeaningful[2].Thus,insteadofusingarealserviceoranoutdooragingtest,itisnecessarytoestablishanartificial,service-simulating,acceleratedagingtestmethod.
Currently,therearemanystandardrubberagingtestmethods,butmostoftheminvolveonlyoneoratmosttwoinfluencingfactors.Thus,thesemethodsareusefulinevaluatingperformancewhenfailureisdeterminedbyasinglemodeofdegradation,orinpredictingrelativeperformanceforvariouscompoundswhereinasinglemodeoffailureisclearlydominant.Inreallife,however,exteriortirerubbercompounds,areexposedtoacombinationoffactorsincludingoxygen,ozone,heat,ultravioletlight,variousliquids,anddynamicflexing[3and4].Agingisacompositeresultofallthesefactors.Thus,itisdifficulttopredicttheagingresistanceofexteriortirecompoundsinrealservicebasedoncurrentlyavailablestandardtestmethods.
Theultimategoalofthisresearchprojectistodevelopamultiplefactor,artificialagingtestmethodtosimulatetheserviceagingofexteriortirerubbermaterials.Thistestmethodshouldachievetheindustrialrequirementsof
(1)simulatingcapability,
(2)repeatability,and(3)acceleration.Asthefirstparttowardsouroverallgoal,amultiple-factortest-cyclicagingisproposed.Itconsistsofseveralsingle-factorsub-tests,involvingoxygenbomb,dynamicozone,ultravioletlight,andaqueousexposure.Itisdesignedtosimulatethereal-serviceagingbyartificialmeans.Adynamicoutdooragingtest,andtwoconventionalagingtests—thermalanddynamicozonearecarriedoutandcomparedtotheproposedcyclicagingtest.Fourformulationsofexteriortirerubbercompoundsareusedasexperimentalmaterials.Thedegradationofmaterialpropertiesasafunctionofagingarestudiedinordertoevaluatetheagingmethods.
2.Experimental
2.1.Rubbermaterials
2.1.1.Compoundformulations
Fourformulationsoftirerubberwereusedasexperimentalmaterials,whichincludescrosscombinationsoftwobasecompounds:
NR(tread)andNR/BR(sidewall);
andtwoantidegradants:
6QDI[N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-quinonediimine]and6PPD[N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine].DetailsoftheformulationsaregiveninTable
1.
Table1.Rubbercompoundformulations
Whileadifferentantidegradantwasusedforeachbasecompound,thesameantioxidant,TMQ(2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline),wasusedthroughout.Whenusedincombinationwithanantidegradantthatprovidesresistanceagainstozoneandflexfatigue,suchas6QDIor6PPD,averyhighperformanceprotectoriscreated[5].TMQisa"
chain-stopping"
antioxidantthatinterruptsthepropagationcyclebydonatingahydrogenatomtoreactwithfreeradicals,andthereforeremovingitfromthemedium.
Bothantidegradantsarep-phenylenediaminebasedandprovideprotectionagainstbothoxidativeandozonedegradation.Whenusedattheconcentrationlevelsgiven,theantioxidantprotectionislow,whiletheozoneandflexfatigueresistanceisverygood.Thep-phenylenediaminetypeantiozonantspreventcrackingbyformingaprotectivelayeronthesurfaceoftherubber.Sinceozonereactsveryquicklywiththedoublebondsintherubbertoformanozonide,itdoesnotdiffuseintotherubber,leavingonlyasurfacephenomenon[5].Theozonidesformedaretheneasilydecomposedcausingscissionofthechains,andthuscracksunderstrain.Thesurfacelayerthattheantidegradantsformisduetothereactionoftheseozonideswiththeantidegradant.Theystopfurtherreactionoftheozoneandcarbondoublebondsandalsopreventtheformationofcracksbyincreasingthecriticalstrainenergyrequiredforcrackgrowthtooccur[4].
Theantidegradantusedincompounds1and3,6QDI,hasadualfunction.Duringcuring,themajorityofthe6QDIconvertsinto6PPD.Theremainingbindstothemainrubberchain.Thus,theboundportionisresistanttoleaching,butispreventedfrommigratingtothesurfaceandprotectingagainstozoneattack.Thisboundportioncanprovidealonglastingprotectionagainstoxidationwhiletherestcanfightozonedegradation.
2.1.2.Processing
Foreachbasecompound,amasterbatchincludingallingredientsbuttheantidegradants,accelerators,andvulcanizingagentswasfirstproducedusingaBanburyinternalmixer.Therestoftheadditiveswerethenincorporatedintothemasterbatchonarollmill.Therollmillingtemperatureswere70
°
CforNRand60
CforNR/BR.Conventionalprocessingprocedureswereappliedtoproduceahomogenousmix.
ThecurecharacteristicsweremeasuredwithaMovingDieRheometer(MDR),whichrecordstheoscillatingtorqueasafunctionoftimeatthecuretemperature.Acuretemperatureof150Cwasappliedforallmaterials.Thetimesof90%oftorquebuild-upplusoneminutewereusedforactualcuretimes,specifically,16,13,18,and11.6minforcompounds1,2,3and4,respectively.
Thecuredrubbersheetsweredie-cutintospecimenswithdimensionsasshowninFig.
1.Thesespecimensareconventionallyusedforthedynamicozonetest.
Fig.1.Specimendimensionsinmm(samplethickness:
1.8mm).
2.2.Agingtestmethods
2.2.1.Thermalaging
ThethermalagingtestusedwastheASTMD865testtubemethod.Cross-contaminationbetweencompoundsisavoidedbyplacingnomorethanthreesamplesofthesamecompoundintesttubes,whicharethenheatedinanaluminumblock.Convectiveaircirculationispermittedthroughinsertsinthetube
stoppers.
Theagingtemperaturewas70
C.Atthistemperature,themechanismofagingisusuallyconsideredsimilartothatatambienttemperature[6].
Roadtemperaturesmaysometimesexceed100
Cundercertainconditions,however,exposureisgenerallytimeweightedtolowertemperatures.Theimportantfactorinthiscaseisthattheagingmechanismisafunctionoftemperature.Whenoneobservestheeffectonmodulusofoxygenabsorptionatvarioustemperatures,thisbecomesclearer.ForNRrubbers,lowertemperaturesleadtoincreasesinmodulus,whileagingathighertemperaturesleadstoadecreaseinmodulus[3].Thustheneteffectatlowtemperaturesistoincreasecross-linkdensity,andathightemperaturesdecreasecross-linkdensity.Theoxidativechainscissionscausedbydecompositionofhydroperoxidesbecomemorecritical.Thusthechoiceof70
Cissimplyastartingpointtomimicalongertimeaverageconditionwithoutbiastowardchangingtheoverallmechanismofdegradation.
2.2.2.Dynamicozoneaging
Thedynamicozonetestwasanotherconventionalagingtestmethod.Thesampleswereattachedtoadynamicstretchingdevice,andplacedinanozonechamber.Theozonesuppliedbythegeneratorflowsthroughthechambertokeepitataconstantconcentrationlevel.
Forthisstudy,thesampleswerestrainedfrom0to25%elongationatafrequencyof90cyclesperminute.Noadjustmentsweremad
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