汉英翻译中文化差异引起的词汇空缺分析Word下载.docx
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汉英翻译中文化差异引起的词汇空缺分析Word下载.docx
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AnalysisofLexicalGapCausedbyCulturalDifferencesinChinese-EnglishTranslation
二、指导思想和目的要求
1.培养用所学的基础理论和专业知识解决实际问题的能力;
2.培养调查研究,查阅文献,收集资料以及在相关专业能够独立地初步进行科研的能力;
3.培养建立理论联系实际、踏实、认真、严谨的科学作风。
三、论文基本要求
1.认真选题,密切结合实际,使论文有一定的理论和实际意义;
2.拟定论文进度和实施计划;
3.主动向指导教师汇报论文进展情况,以便及时得到指导;
4.论文撰写过程中,应采取科学的态度和求实的作风,刻苦钻研,虚心求教,高质量地完成毕业论文;
5.不得抄袭,不得作假;
6.论文必须用英文书写,双行打印,A4开打印纸15-20页(正文),参考文献不得少于十种。
四、进度和要求
1.第2周(3月12日-3月16日)确定指导教师与学生;
2.第3周-4周(3月19日-3月30日)指导教师与各自学生商定论文选题及进度安排;
3.第7周(4月20日前)学生必须将打印好的提纲(1-2页)交至指导教师;
4.第13周(5月28日前)将打印好的论文初稿(10页)交指导教师审阅;
5.第15周(6月11日前)学生须将终稿交指导教师评阅;
6.第16周(6月20日-6月21日)论文答辩。
五、主要参考书及参考资料
1.DengYanchang,LiuRunqing.1989.LanguageandCulture.Beijing:
ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress
2.EugeneA.Nida.1993.Language,Culture,andTranslating.Shanghai:
ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress
3.EugeneA.Nida.2001.LanguageandCulture,ContextsinTranslating.Shanghai:
4.包惠南,包昂,2004,«
中国文化与汉英翻译»
。
北京:
外文出版社。
5.周志培,2003,«
汉英对比与翻译中的转换»
上海:
华东理工大学出版社。
学生____________指导教师_______________系主任____________
TableofContents
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………(ii)
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………(iii)
ChapterIIntroduction(8)
ADefinitionsofculture(8)
BResearchbackgroundandpurpose(8)
ChapterIILiteraturereviewandtheoreticalbackground(10)
APreviousstudiesonlexicalgapinC-Etranslation(10)
BTheoreticalbasisofculturalfactorsintranslation(12)
1EugeneA.Nida’sprinciplesofculturalinfluencesontranslation(12)
2EugeneA.Nida’stheoryoffiveculturalfactorsinlanguage(13)
ChapterIIICategoriesoflexicalgapcausedbydifferentculturalfactors(14)
ALexicalgapcausedbyecology(14)
BLexicalgapcausedbymaterialculture(16)
CLexicalgapcausedbysocialculture(18)
DLexicalgapcausedbyreligiousculture(21)
ELexicalgapcausedbylinguisticculture(23)
ChapterIVConclusion(25)
AFindings(25)
BImplicationsforfuturetranslators(26)
Bibliography(27)
Reflections(29)
Acknowledgements
Iwouldliketotakethisopportunitytoexpressmydeepestgratitudetothosewhohavehelpedmealotduringtheprocessofwritingthisthesis.Withouttheirsincereassistance,thisthesiscouldnothavebeenfinishedonscheduleasrequired.
Firstly,mygreatestappreciationcertainlygoestomyparentsLiLianghaiandGuoJuhuabecausetheyhavespentmorethan20yearsbringingmeup.TheygivemethisgreatopportunitytostudyatNPUanddomythesis.Theyarethemostimportantpersonstome.Ilovethem!
Secondly,Iwanttoshowmyheartfeltthankstomyinstructors,ProfessorWangJianandHanRongwhohaveconstantlyofferedthemostvaluableandconstructiveguidance.WhenIfeelconfused,preciousexplanationscome;
whenIfeeldisappointed,encouragementscome;
whenIfeelexcitedandproud,smilescome.
Lastbutnotleast,thankmydearestteachersandclassmates.Mycollegelifecouldnothavebeensocolorfulwithoutthem.MycomprehensiveEnglishabilitieshaveimprovedgreatlybecauseoftheirselflesshelp.EspeciallyPaulineDiamondandMichaelKrigline,mywritingteachers,havetaughtmehowtowriteanEnglishcomposition.
Greatestthanksfortheabove-mentionedpeopleagain!
Thankmyself,too!
【Abstract】Theprevalenceoflexicalgapbetweenlanguagesbringsmanyproblemstotranslation.Generallyspeaking,lexicalgapreferstothephenomenonthatculturalinformationcarriedbywordsofsourcelanguagedoesnothaveequivalenceorparallelismintargetlanguage.Allthepreviousstudiesonlexicalgapstateclearlythatlexicalgapiscloselyrelatedtotheculturaldifferencescarriedbydifferentlanguagessincewordsarethefundamentalunitsoflanguageandofrichculturalmeanings.ThispaperputemphasisontheanalysisoflexicalgapcausedbyculturaldifferencesinChinese-English(C-E)translation.Thispaperstartswithafewclassicaldefinitionsofculturetoshowtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture,andtheresearchbackgroundandpurposearegivenlater.Nextthepaperbrieflydiscussesthepreviousunderstandingsandstudiesonlexicalgap,inwhichEugeneA.Nida’sunderstandingofculturalinfluencesontranslationisthefocalpoint.Histheoryofdifferentculturalfactorsinlanguageistheprimarytheoreticalfoundationofthispaper.ThenmanytypicalexamplesoflexicalgapbasedonNida’sfiveculturalfactors(ecology,materialculture,socialculture,religiousculture,andlinguisticculture)inlanguageareusedtoprovethattheuniversalityoflexicalgapinC-Etranslationexistsineveryaspectofculture,whichcanfurthermakeclearthatculturaldifferencescausinglexicalgapisveryconvincing.
【KeyWords】lexicalgap;
culturaldifferences;
Chinese-Englishtranslation
【摘要】语言之间的词汇空缺是一种相当普遍存在而又给翻译造成许多困难的现象。
一般说来,词汇空缺现象指的是翻译中原语词汇所载的文化信息在译语中没有其“对等语”或“对应语”。
关于词汇空缺方面的研究理论都表明词汇空缺与不同语言承载的文化差异有着很大的联系因为词汇是组成语言并蕴涵了丰富文化内涵的基本单位。
这篇论文是针对汉英翻译过程中由于文化差异引起的词汇空缺现象的分析。
首先给出了文化的经典定义,引出文化与语言的关系,同时介绍了论文的研究背景及研究目的。
其次简单讨论了前人对词汇空缺现象的理解及研究,其中重点介绍了美国著名翻译理论家EugeneA.Nida关于翻译中文化因素影响的理论,并以他的语言中的文化因素理论作为这篇论文的基本理论依据。
接着,从Nida的语言中的五种文化特征的(生态学,物质文化,社会文化,宗教文化,语言文化)各个方面引用一些典型的词汇空缺例子来证明汉英翻译中词汇空缺的普遍性存在于文化的每个方面,进一步表明文化差异引起词汇空缺具有很强的说服力。
【关键词】词汇空缺;
文化差异;
汉英翻译
ChapterIIntroduction
ADefinitionsofculture
BritishanthropologistEdwardTylorgaveouthisdefinitionofcultureinThe
PrimitiveCulture:
Cultureorcivilizationtakeninitswideanthro-graphicsenses,isthatcompletewholewhichincludesknowledge,beliefs,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsrequiredbyamanasamemberofsociety.Hisdefinitionhasbeenacceptedbyallthesocial-linguistsandanthropologists(ZhouZhipei,2003:
477).However,thisdefinitiononlycoversthespiritualaspects,withoutthematerialaspects.AccordingtoCiHai,culturereferstothesumofmaterialandspiritualpossessionscreatedthroughhumansocialandhistoricalpractices;
cultureisalltheachievementsofhumancivilizationprogress(BaoHuinan,BaoAng,2004:
1).BritishtranslationtheoristPeterNewmarkfirstputlanguagefactorintoculture.“Idefinecultureasthewayoflifeandhismanifestationthatarepeculiartoacommunitythatusesapeculiarlanguageasitsmeansofexpression”(Newmark,2001:
94).Fromtheabove-mentionedgeneralknowledgeofculture,languageobviouslyplaysanimportantroleinhumansocialprogressandcivilizedculturaldevelopment.
BResearchbackgroundandpurpose
Languagehasaverycloserelationshipwithculture.Languageisthecarrierofcultureandthemeansofcommunication,andcultureiswhatlanguagedependsonandalsothesourceoflanguage(BaoHuinan,BaoAng,2004:
9).Withtherapiddevelopmentofglobalizationandcommunicationamongnations,translationisplayingamoreandmoreimportantroleincross-culturalcommunication.ChineseandEnglishbelongtodifferentcultures,thus,manydifficultiescausedbyculturaldifferencescannotbeavoidedintranslation.Whatisthebiggestdifficultyintranslation?
Itistheculturaldifferences.Somethingveryunderstandableinacertainculturemayneedtobeexplainedrathercarefullyandarduouslyinanotherculture(WangZuoliang,1989:
34).Amongthesedifficulties,lexicalgapisundoubtedlyoneofthemostcommonphenomena,thuscausingalotofproblemstotranslation.Lexicalgapisabigproblemforstudentsdoingtranslationinexaminationsandtranslationexpertsaswell.LexicalgapismoretypicalinChinese-English(C-E)translationduetothefactthatChinaisacountrywithsplendidfive-thousandyears’historyandculture.InthecourseoftranslatingChineseintoEnglish,manywonderfulChineseculturalmeaningsarelostormisunderstoodbecauseoftheexistenceoflexicalgap.
ThisthesisaimstostudythelexicalgapcausedbydifferentculturalfactorsinChinese-Englishtranslation,andtoprovidereaderswithaclearerunderstandingoflexicalgapcausedbyculturaldifferencesandtohelpdoabettertranslation.
Inthisthesis,chapteroneintroducesthedefinitionsofcultureandresearchbackgroundandpurpose.Somepreviousstudiesonlexicalgapwillbediscussedinchaptertwo,andinchapterthreedetailedinformationonlexicalgapcausedbydifferentculturalfactorswillbefocusedtoshowthatlexicalgapnearlyexistsinalltheaspectsofculture.Chapterfourshowsoutsomefindingsaboutlexicalgapandofferscertainhelpfulimplicationsforfuturetranslatorsbasedonthisthesis.
ChapterIILiteraturereviewandtheoreticalbackground
APreviousstudiesonlexicalgapinC-Etranslation
Wordsareuniversallyregardedtobethefundamentalelementsofalanguage.Manywordscarrycolorfulculturalmeanings.Nidasaysthat“Languagerepresentstheculturebecausethewordsrefertothecultureasthebeliefsandpracticesofasociety”(2001:
155).Therefore,wordstranslationplaysaveryimportantroleinunderstandingthecultureandlanguageitself.
Modernsemioticapproachshowsthattheessenceoftranslationistousetwodifferentsemioticsystemstoexpressthesameideasormeanings,sothecoremissionoftranslationistore-displaytheideasofthewords,notthelinguisticsigns(JinHuikang,2003:
311).
ThefamousBritishtranslatorTytlerpointedouthisfirstprincipaloftranslationin1790:
thetranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.Hebelievedthatidiomsandwordswithveryslightdifferenceswerethemostdifficultthingstotranslatebecauseofthelexicalgapbetweent
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