定稿 Microsoft Word 文档 2文档格式.docx
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定稿 Microsoft Word 文档 2文档格式.docx
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姓名寸槐芬
学号201016010210
所属院/系外国语学院
专业年级2010级英语
指导教师奉星岑
2014年5月
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摘要
《德伯家的苔丝》是英国著名作家托马斯.哈代的代表作,同时也是英国历史上的悲剧小说之一。
这部小说的创作时期正是英国由传统的农业向新型的工业转型的时期,此时农业遭到重创,失业和贫困困扰着每个村庄。
《德伯家的苔丝》以正在经受变革的维塞克斯郡为背景,描述主人公苔丝的悲惨命运。
对于苔丝来说,这种悲惨的命运是不可避免的。
因为苔丝的悲惨命运不仅仅源于苔丝的性格,也和她的家庭背景,社会背景息息相关。
苔丝没有办法改变当时不公平的社会观念和家庭状况,而这一切似乎注定了她悲惨的命运。
本文主要以苔丝的生活经历为主线,依据当时的社会背景,伦理道德,家庭以及苔丝自身的性格等因素来分析造成她悲剧命运的不可避免性。
关键词:
苔丝;
哈代;
不可避免的因素;
女权主义者;
虚伪的社会道德观
Abstract
Tessofthed’UrbervillesistherepresentativeworksofThomasHardy.Atthesametime,itwasapartofthetragicnovelsinthehistoryofEngland.Thisstorytookplaceinthetwilightof“Britain'
sVictorianera”.Withthereformationoftechnologyandmoderncivilization,agriculturesufferedseriousdifficultiesandunemploymentspreadinthecountryside.ItwasWessexthathappenedmanychangesinthisrevolution.AlsoTessbecameoneofthevictims.Tess’stragedywascloselyconnectedtoherownpersonality,socialconditionandherfamilylivingstandards.ItwasnotpossibleforTesstochangetheunfairsocialattitudesandtoescapefrompovertybyherown.Fromsomerespects,itwasdoomedtoaseriesofunfortunatehappenedtoherlife.ThispaperfocusesonTess’slifeexperience,socialbackground,people’smoralconcept,familyandherownindividualitytoanalyzeherinevitabletragedy.
Keywords:
Tess;
Hardy;
inevitablefactors;
Feminism;
hypocriticalsocialvalue.
Contents
Chapter1Introduction………………………………………….................................1
Chapter2Literaturereview………………………………………………………….2
Chapter3Tragiccomponentsandsomeinevitablefactors……………………......3
3.1Thevariousmisfortunehappenedtotheheroine……………….………...............3
3.1.1Theinevitablesocialtragedy………………………………………....................3
3.1.2Conventionalthoughtsandimpoverishedlife…………………...........................4
3.2Theartisticfigureinthetragiccomponents……………………………….……....4
3.2.1Tessfoughtagainstherinevitablefate............................................................…...4
3.2.2Tesswasregardedasasexualsymbol...................................................................6
3.2.3Tesscharacterfromafeministperspective….…………………………….…......7
Chapter4TheconnectionbetweenTessandnature………………………..…........9
4.1Thedestructivecolor-red…………………………………………..........................9
4.2Tess’snaturalpurity…………………………..…………………….…………….10
Chapter5Conclusion………………………………………………………………..10
References………………………………………………………………………..….12中文参考文献………………………………………………………………………..12
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………….13
Chapter1Introduction
ThomasHardy(1840-1928),isoneofthegreatestEnglishwritersofthe19thcentury.HewasofhigherBockHamptoninDorset.Asachildofabuildingcontractor,Hardydidn’tgetgoodeducationandwasapprenticedtoanarchitectwhenhewasonlysixteenyearsolds,duetoheshowedagreatinterestinreligiousfaithandtriedhisbesttoreadvariousbookstoenrichhislife.Heturnedhishobbiestopursueacareerasanovelist.Duringthattime,hepublishednearly20novels,1000poemsandsoon.
Tessofthed’UrbervilleswaswritteninthetwilightoftheVictorianperiodwhenEnglandmadegreatchangesineconomicdevelopment.HardywasfrustratedbytheconservativePartywhenthebookwasexpectedtobepublished.However,withtimewentbyTessofthed’Urbervillesbecamehisrepresentativework,andthenHardybecameafamousnovelistafterpublishingTessofthed’Urbervilles.InTessofthed’UrbervillesHardyshowedhisdeepsenseofsympathyandloveforthosepoorworkingfamilies.Foranother,italsocanrevealhiswritingstyleandthedeeprootedsocialproblems.Thestorydescribedthechangeofcollectiveeconomy,politics,andmoralityinEnglandanditdidthetransitionfromanold-agriculturalnationtoamodern-industrialone.UnderthehypocriticalbourgeoisieinvadedinEngland,people’sreligiousbeliefalsoexperiencedaremarkablechange,especiallyforrevealinghypocrisydominatedthepositionofwomeninfamiliesandsociety.Tess’sexperiencewasagoodexample.InthestoryTessasapurewomanwasvividlypresentedinthesubtitleaddedintheend.Asapoorcountrygirl,TesswasseducedbytheAlecd’Urbervilles.Thenshebecamepregnant.Butunfortunatelyherchildwasdeadmiserably.Inordertomakealiving,sheworkedatafarmyardandfellinlovewithaclergyman’sson-AngelClarebyaccident.However,themisfortunehappenedagain.PureTessconfessedherhusbandaboutherpastwhenshegotmarried.IthitTess’sspiritdeeplyafterbeingabandonedbyherhusband.Undertheprofoundsorrowandduetofinancialshortcoming,shecamebacktoAlec’shouseandbecamehismistressoncemore.WhenAngelreturnedfromBrazilandrepentedhisfaulttoher,Tessfeltherlifewashopefulonceagain.ThenundertheaggravationofAlec,Tesskilledhimindesperation.Finallyshewaslikewisearrestedforherillicitbehavior.
Thispaperwillconcentrateonanalyzingthevariousfactorsthatcausedtheheroine’sinevitabletragedy.What’smore,Hardy’swritingstylevividlyreflectedinthestory.Tess’simperfectcharacter,theextremepovertydidherfamilysuffersandtheunfairsocialconventionalvalueputhertoleadadifficultlife.
Chapter2LiteratureReview
InordertoanalyzeTess’sinevitabletragedy,somanyexpertsmadegreateffortsdidresearches.YangYonghe(2002)statedtheideaofheroismofTess,bygivingdifferentexamplesaboutTess’sbehaviorsandanalyzingtherelationshipbetweenTess’sheroismandhertragiclife.WangHairong(2011)exposedherviewpointaboutTess,whosufferedvariousdifficultiesduetoinequitablesocialvaluesbetweenmenandwomen.LindShang(2003)wroteanarticlecalledAnAnalysisofTess’stragedy-fromaPsychologicalPerspective,undertheviewofpsychoanalyticmicroscope,shestressedTess’sindividualpersonalityplayedadirectpartinhertragicfate.Heye(2003)publishedhisthesisTessofthed’Urbervilles,aMightyTragedy,thispaperfocusontheheroine’scharacter,andtherelationshipwiththeAngelClareandAlecd’Urbervilles,alsohemanagedtoprovingthevariouselementsintheplotindictedTess’sinevitabledoom.
ThoseexpertshavedonealotofresearchesontheTessofthed’Urbervilles.However,someofthemdidn’tgiveacomprehensivedefinitionandexplicitexplanationaboutTess’sinevitabletragedy.ThispaperwillfocusonseekingmoreinformationandanalyzingTess’sinevitabledoom.Suchasthelandscapeinthenovelalsoindicatedsomethingunpleasantwouldoccurthroughoutherlife.Besides,Hardy’swritingstylewasfullofimaginationandfatalism,andbothwereimportantfactorscomposedoftheheroine’sdisaster.Hardyhaddonedeepresearchaccordingtotheallkindsofbackgroundinformationatthattime,whichalsomadehimbecameadistinguisheddramatistandhisworksrevealedasenseofhumor.Inthestory,Tessasahelplessvictim,andsheshouldhaveknownitwasabadomenwhenshedecidedtosacrificeherselfforthefamily’sbenefit,thevariousmisfortunehappenedtoherandmadeherhadnochoicebuttoputherselfinsuchasituation,itgoeswithoutsayingthatshewasdestinedtoledatragiclife.
Chapter3Tragiccomponentsandsomeinevitablefactors
3.1Thevariousmisfortuneshappenedtotheheroine
3.1.1Theinevitablesocialtragedy
ThestoryTessofthed’Urbervilleshappenedinaruralplace-Wessexwasfullofvariousfertilelands,andpeasantsledasimplelife.Thereisnodoubtthatasadownrightandloyalgirl,Tess’scouldn’tresistallkindsofmisfortuneshappenedtoher.Withthereformationoftechnologyandwidespreadoftheindustrialization,moreandmorepeasantsleftforbigcitiestogainmoney.Manyfarmersmakealivingbysellingtheirlimitedproducts.Tess’sfamilyalsosufferedalotofdisasterduringtheindustrialcivilizationinvadedintheruralareas.Astheeldestchildinherfamily,Tesshadtotakeresponsibilitytosupportherfamily.Thoughshewasn’twillingtoaccepthermotherideatovisitthed’UrbervillesMansion,sheobeyedtheparent’swillsintheend.Unfortunately,misfortunehappenedtoherlife,forTesswasseducedbyAlec.ThelossofvirginitymadeTessheart-broken,anditsymbolizedthemistakewouldinfluencethroughoutallherlife.Fromthenon,Tess’ssocialvaluesdidagreatchange,andshehadnodesiretopursueahappyfuture.Theonlypurposeofherlifewastoassistherfamiliesnomatterhowhardshipneededhertoovercome.Theycanonlybepureiftheyare‘chaste’:
eitherwhatHardycalls‘anunsulliedvirgin’.(ThomasHardy,2005).FromthestandpointofHardy,hecombatedunfairtrendintheVictorianhypocrisytowardsex,whichdemandedadecentwomantobepureandshouldn’tlosevirginitywhensheunmarried.JustasHarryCampbelldemonstratedhisideathatthesexualinstinctforlessintenseforwomenthanmen.Withthepopularityofthehypocrisy,thereexistedinequalitybetweenmenandwomen,doubtlessly,Tessasasymbolicandinevitabletragedianwithsocialdevelopment.
3.1.2Conventionalthoughtsandimpoverishedlife
ThemisfortunehappenedtoTessfromvariousaspects,anddirecttragedyowestoherfamily.Withtheinvasionofcapitalismandindustrialization,farmerssufferedsignificantpovertyandledanextremelyhardlife.Tess’sfamilyalsosufferedagreatchangeduringthistime.Onalargedegree,
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