美国民权运动civil rights movementWord文档下载推荐.docx
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美国民权运动civil rights movementWord文档下载推荐.docx
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TheAfrican-AmericanCivilRightsMovement(1955–1968)referstothereformmovementsintheUnitedStatesaimedatoutlawingracialdiscriminationagainstAfricanAmericansandrestoringSuffrageinSouthernstates.Thisarticlecoversthephaseofthemovementbetween1954and1968,particularlyintheSouth.By1966,theemergenceoftheBlackPowerMovement,whichlastedroughlyfrom1966to1975,enlargedtheaimsoftheCivilRightsMovementtoincluderacialdignity,economicandpoliticalself-sufficiency,andfreedomfromoppressionbywhiteAmericans.
ManyofthosewhowereactiveintheCivilRightsMovement,withorganizationssuchasNAACP,SNCC,COREandSCLC,prefertheterm"
SouthernFreedomMovement"
becausethestrugglewasaboutfarmorethanjustcivilrightsunderlaw;
itwasalsoaboutfundamentalissuesoffreedom,respect,dignity,andeconomicandsocialequality.
Duringtheperiod1955–1968,actsofnonviolentprotestandcivildisobedienceproducedcrisissituationsbetweenactivistsandgovernmentauthorities.Federal,state,andlocalgovernments,businesses,andcommunitiesoftenhadtorespondimmediatelytocrisissituationswhichhighlightedtheinequitiesfacedbyAfricanAmericans.Formsofprotestand/orcivildisobedienceincludedboycottssuchasthesuccessfulMontgomeryBusBoycott(1955–1956)inAlabama;
"
sit-ins"
suchastheinfluentialGreensborosit-in(1960)inNorthCarolina;
marches,suchastheSelmatoMontgomerymarches(1965)inAlabama;
andawiderangeofothernonviolentactivities.
NotedlegislativeachievementsduringthisphaseoftheCivilRightsMovementwerepassageofCivilRightsActof1964[1],thatbanneddiscriminationbasedon"
race,color,religion,ornationalorigin"
inemploymentpracticesandpublicaccommodations;
theVotingRightsActof1965,thatrestoredandprotectedvotingrights;
theImmigrationandNationalityServicesActof1965,thatdramaticallyopenedentrytotheU.S.toimmigrantsotherthantraditionalEuropeangroups;
andtheCivilRightsActof1968,thatbanneddiscriminationinthesaleorrentalofhousing.AfricanAmericansre-enteredpoliticsintheSouth,andacrossthecountryyoungpeoplewereinspiredtoaction.
[edit]Background
Thissectionneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.
Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingreliablereferences.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(April2008)
Afterthedisputedelectionof1876resultedintheendofReconstruction,WhitesintheSouthregainedpoliticalcontroloftheregion,aftermountingintimidationandviolenceintheelections.SystematicdisfranchisementofAfricanAmericanstookplaceinSouthernstatesfrom1890to1908andlasteduntilnationalcivilrightslegislationwaspassedinthemid-1960s.Formorethan60years,forexample,blacksintheSouthwerenotabletoelectanyonetorepresenttheirinterestsinCongressorlocalgovernment.[2]
Duringthisperiod,thewhite-dominatedDemocraticPartyregainedpoliticalcontrolovertheSouth.TheRepublicanParty—the"
partyofLincoln"
—whichhadbeenthepartythatmostblacksbelongedto,shranktoinsignificanceasblackvoterregistrationwassuppressed.Bytheearly1900s,almostallelectedofficialsintheSouthwereDemocrats.
AtthesametimeasAfricanAmericanswerebeingdisfranchised,whiteDemocratsimposedracialsegregationbylaw.Violenceagainstblacksmushroomed.Thesystemofovert,state-sanctionedracialdiscriminationandoppressionthatemergedoutofthepost-ReconstructionSouthbecameknownasthe"
JimCrow"
system.Itremainedvirtuallyintactintotheearly1950s.Thus,theearly1900sisaperiodoftenreferredtoasthe"
nadirofAmericanracerelations."
WhileproblemsandcivilrightsviolationsweremostintenseintheSouth,socialtensionsaffectedAfricanAmericansinotherregionsaswell.[3]
Characteristicsofthepost-Reconstructionperiod:
∙Racialsegregation.Bylaw[4],publicfacilitiesandgovernmentservicessuchaseducationweredividedintoseparate"
white"
and"
colored"
domains.Characteristically,thoseforcoloredwereunderfundedandofinferiorquality.
∙Disfranchisement.WhenwhiteDemocratsregainedpower,theypassedlawsthatmadevoterregistrationmoreinaccessibletoblacks.Blackvoterswereforcedoffthevotingrolls.ThenumberofAfricanAmericanvotersdroppeddramatically,andtheynolongerwereabletoelectrepresentatives.From1890to1908,SouthernstatesoftheformerConfederacycreatedconstitutionswithprovisionsthatdisfranchisedmostAfricanAmericansandtensofthousandsofpoorwhiteAmericans.
∙Exploitation.Increasedeconomicoppressionofblacks,Latinos,andAsians,denialofeconomicopportunities,andwidespreademploymentdiscrimination.
∙Violence.Individual,police,organizational,andmassracialviolenceagainstblacks(andLatinosintheSouthwestandAsiansinCalifornia).
AfricanAmericansandotherracialminoritiesrejectedthisregime.Theyresisteditinnumerouswaysandsoughtbetteropportunitiesthroughlawsuits,neworganizations,politicalredress,andlabororganizing(seetheAmericanCivilRightsMovement1896–1954).TheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeople(NAACP)wasfoundedin1909.Itfoughttoendracediscriminationthroughlitigation,education,andlobbyingefforts.ItscrowningachievementwasitslegalvictoryintheSupremeCourtdecisionBrownv.BoardofEducation(1954)thatrejectedseparatewhiteandcoloredschoolsystemsandbyimplicationoverturnedthe"
separatebutequal"
doctrineestablishedinPlessyv.Ferguson.
ThesituationforblacksoutsidetheSouthwassomewhatbetter(inmoststatestheycouldvoteandhavetheirchildreneducated,thoughtheystillfaceddiscriminationinhousingandjobs).From1910to1970,AfricanAmericanssoughtbetterlivesbymigratingnorthandwest.AtotalofnearlysevenmillionblackslefttheSouthinwhatwasknownastheGreatMigration.
InvigoratedbythevictoryofBrownandfrustratedbythelackofimmediatepracticaleffect,privatecitizensincreasinglyrejectedgradualist,legalisticapproachesastheprimarytooltobringaboutdesegregation.Theywerefacedwith"
massiveresistance"
intheSouthbyproponentsofracialsegregationandvotersuppression.Indefiance,AfricanAmericansadoptedacombinedstrategyofdirectactionwithnonviolentresistanceknownascivildisobedience,givingrisetotheAfrican-AmericanCivilRightsMovementof1955–1968.
[edit]Massactionreplacinglitigation
Thestrategyofpubliceducation,legislativelobbying,andlitigationwithinthecourtsystemthattypifiedtheCivilRightsMovementinthefirsthalfofthe20thCenturybroadenedafterBrowntoastrategythatemphasized"
directaction"
—primarilyboycotts,sit-ins,freedomrides,marchesandsimilartacticsthatreliedonmassmobilization,nonviolentresistanceandcivildisobedience.Thismassactionapproachtypifiedthemovementfrom1960to1968.
Churches,thecentersoftheircommunities,andlocalgrassrootsorganizationsmobilizedvolunteerstoparticipateinbroad-basedactions.Thiswasamoredirectandpotentiallymorerapidmeansofcreatingchangethanthetraditionalapproachofmountingcourtchallenges.
TheMontgomeryImprovementAssociation—createdtoleadtheMontgomeryBusBoycottmanagedtokeeptheboycottgoingforoverayearuntilafederalcourtorderrequiredMontgomerytodesegregateitsbuses.ThesuccessinMontgomerymadeitsleaderDr.MartinLutherKinganationallyknownfigure.Italsoinspiredotherbusboycotts,suchasthehighlysuccessfulTallahassee,Florida,boycottof1956–1957.[5]
In1957Dr.KingandRev.JohnDuffy,theleadersoftheMontgomeryImprovementAssociation,joinedwithotherchurchleaderswhohadledsimilarboycottefforts,suchasRev.C.K.SteeleofTallahasseeandRev.T.J.JemisonofBatonRouge;
andotheractivistssuchasRev.FredShuttlesworth,EllaBaker,A.PhilipRandolph,BayardRustinandStanleyLevison,toformtheSouthernChristianLeadership
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