高一英语测试《Unit 1 Advertising》教案 Word power牛津译林版必修4Word文档下载推荐.docx
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高一英语测试《Unit 1 Advertising》教案 Word power牛津译林版必修4Word文档下载推荐.docx
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re-
doagain
rewrite,redo,rebuild,react,retell,recreate
mis-
badlyorwrongly
misunderstand,misdirect,mistake,misuse
Step2:
LearningaboutWordformation
Thebasicpartofanywordistheroot;
toit,youcanaddaprefixatthebeginningand/orasuffixattheendtochangethemeaning.Forexample,intheword"
unflattering,"
therootissimply"
flatter,"
whiletheprefix"
un-"
makesthewordnegative,andthesuffix"
-ing"
changesitfromaverbintoanadjective(specifically,aparticiple).
Englishitselfdoesnotuseprefixesasheavilyasitoncedid,butmanyEnglishwordscomefromLatin,whichusesprefixesandsuffixes(youcanusethewordaffixtorefereithertoaprefixorasuffix)quiteextensively.Forexample,thewords"
prefix,"
"
suffix,"
and"
affix"
themselvesareallformedfrom"
fix"
bytheuseofprefixes:
∙"
ad"
(to)+"
(attached)="
pre"
(before)+"
="
prefix"
sub"
(under)+"
suffix"
Notethatboththe"
-d"
of"
andthe"
-b"
changethelastletter.
HerearesomeofthemostcommonLatinprefixes(forthemeaningsoftheLatinroots,lookupthewordsinagooddictionary):
ab(away)abrupt,absent,absolve
ad(to)adverb,advertisement,afflict
in(not)incapable,indecisive,intolerable
inter(between,among)intercept,interdependent,interprovincial
intra(within)intramural,intrapersonal,intraprovincial
pre(before)prefabricate,prefaceprefer
post(after)postpone,postscript,postwar
sub(under)submarine,subscription,suspect
trans(across)transfer,transit,translate
Step3:
ReadyusedmaterialsforWordformation
Affixes
Morphemesaddedtofreeformstomakeotherfreeformsarecalledaffixes.Therearethreeprinciplekindsofaffixes:
1.prefixes(atbeginning)—"
in"
unable"
2.suffixes(atend)—"
-ed"
walked"
3.circumfixes(atbothends)—"
en--en"
enlighten"
(Thesealwaysseemtoconsistofotherwiseattestedindependentprefixesandsuffixes.)
ARuleforFormingsomeEnglishWords
ConsiderthefollowingpairsofEnglishwords:
Adjective
Verb
dark
darken
black
blacken
red
redden
steep
steepen
Whatgeneralization(rule)canwemake?
∙Form:
en"
∙Combination:
AttheendofAdjectives(suffix)tomakeVerbs
∙Meaning:
tomake(more)Adjective"
Wecandrawadiagramtoshowtheinternalstructureofoneofthewords:
Verb
/\
Adjective-en
|
black
Meaning:
tomake(more)black"
Likewisewecandrawapartialstructure(treediagram)whichshowsthethreepropertiesofruleofcombinationfortheaffix:
AnotherRuleforFormingsomeEnglishWords
Noun
sing
singer
dance
dancer
write
writer
compute
computer
Add"
-er"
totheendofVerbstomakeNounswiththemeaning"
someone(orsth.)thatVerbs"
Noun
Verb-er
someone(orsomething)thatVerbs"
Rulesthatdon'
tchangecategory
Someaffixescreatethesamekindsofwordsthattheyattachto,suchasmakingnounsoutofothernouns:
Noun-ian
Boston
someonefromBoston"
ZeroMorphemes
Someaffixesconsistofnosoundsatall.ZeromorphemesDOexist,andwe'
llseewhy,andillustrateanotherconcept,allomorphyatthesametime.
Considerthefollowingwords:
yellow
brown
green
purple
Therelationbetween"
yellow"
(adjective)and"
(verb)isexactlythesameasthatbetween"
white"
whiten"
whichwejustconsidered.Buttheformof"
doesn'
tchange.Sowesaythatweaddedazerosuffix:
Adjective-Ø
yellow
tomake(more)yellow"
Zeromorphemesareobviouslyhardtospotbecauseyoucan'
thearthem!
InthesecasesyouhavetonoticewhatISN'
Tthere.(SherlockHolmessolvesoneofhiscasesbynoticingthatadogDIDN'
Tbark.Thiswasimportantbecausetherewasasituationwhereanydogwouldhavebarked.Thisisthekindofthinkingyouhavetodotofindzeromorphemes.)
Allomorphy
ButnowwehavetwowaystomakeAdjectivesintoVerbsmeaning"
:
-en"
("
black-en"
)and"
-Ø
"
yellow-Ø
)Howdoweknowwhichruletouse?
Thatis,whynot"
yellow-en"
?
Onepossible(butuninteresting)answeristhatwejusthavetomemorizewhichaffixtouseforeachstem.Thatis,wejustmemorizethat"
black"
takes"
.Butwewouldlikeabetterexplanation.
Aswiththephonologyproblems,thebestplacetolookis"
near"
wheretheaffixattaches.Since"
isasuffix,let'
slookattheendofthestems.WhatwefindisthatwecandividetheAdjectivesintotwoclassesbasedonwhatthelastSOUND(NOTletter)ofthestemis:
∙Use"
ifthelastsoundis:
[p]"
deep-en"
[f]"
stiff-en"
[v]"
live-en"
[t]"
white-en"
[d]"
redd-en"
[s]"
less-en"
[ʃ]"
fresh-en"
[k]"
dark-en"
[e]"
gray-Ø
Hishairgrayed(gray-Ø
-ed)beforehewastwenty."
)
[n]"
brown-Ø
[m]"
dim-Ø
[l]"
purple-Ø
[r]"
clear-Ø
Wecanusethesametypeofdiagrams,andindicatetheconditions:
Adjective-enifAdjectiveendsinanobstruent(oralstoporfricative)
-Ø
ifAdjectiveendsinasonorant(nasals,approximants,vowels)
Whenwedidphonologyproblems,wehadanotionof"
default"
or"
elsewhere"
.Thesameconceptcanariseinmorphology,althoughinthiscasethechoiceismadedifficultbythecleancutbetweenobstruentsandsonorants.Itistrue,however,thatthereareexceptionstothisrulewithcertainunusualadjectives:
Elsewhere
AnotherexampleofallomorphyinEnglishisthechoiceofthenegativeprefix"
il-/ir-/im-/in-"
.Therulesare:
il-"
whenthestembeginswith"
l"
il-legal"
ir-"
r"
ir-responsible"
im-"
m,b,p"
im-mobile"
im-balanced"
"
im-possible"
∙Otherwise(elsewhere)use"
in-"
in-active"
etc.
Inadiagram:
Adjective
whenAdjectivebeginswithl:
il-Adjective
whenAdjectivebeginswithr:
ir-
whenAdjectivebeginswithabilabial:
im-
Elsewhere:
in-
notAdjective"
Noticeherethatthereisaclearcasethatapplieswhentheother(morespecific)rulescannot.ThisistheDEFAULTorELSEWHERErule.TheELSEWHEREconceptplaysanimportantroleinlinguisticsandwehavealreadyencountereditinphonologyandwewillencounteritagaininthiscourse.
Finally,someallomorphyissimplyexceptional.Therearemorphemeswhichareusedwithonlyalimitednumberofwords,suchasplural"
asin"
ox-en"
child-(r)en"
.
Furthermore,somewordsaresoirregularthattheyhavenointernalanalysis,forexample"
went"
istheSUPPLETIVEformforwhatwouldotherwisebe"
go-ed"
.Childrenoftenusewordslike*"
)or*"
hold-ed"
held"
).ThesearecalledOVERGENERALIZATIONerrorsbecausethechildrenusearegularproductiveprocessonexceptionalwords.
Compounds
ThecombinationoftwofreeformsiscalledaCOMPOUND.
AdjectiveNoun
||
blackbird
aparticularkindofbird
InEnglishtheHEADofacompoundisusuallytheright-handmember(bird).
Theheadsuppliesthecategory(Noun)andbasicmeaning(bird-ness)forthewholecompound.
Compoundscanbeusedwithaffixationtoproducelargerwords:
Verb-er
VerbVerb
sleepwalk
Someonewhowalksandsleepsatthesametime
NounNoun
|/\
windowVerb-er
painter
Someonewhopaintswi
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