汽车行业汽车构造英文版文档格式.docx
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汽车行业汽车构造英文版文档格式.docx
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1.3
Body
Anautomobilebodyisasheetmetalshellwithwindows,doors,ahood,andatrunkdeckbuiltintoit.Itprovidesaprotectivecoveringfortheengine,passengers,andcargo.Thebodyisdesignedtokeeppassengerssafeandcomfortable.Thebodystylingprovidesanattractive,colorful,modernappearanceforthevehicle.
1.4
Chassis
Thechassisisanassemblyofthosesystemsthatarethemajoroperatingpartofavehicle.Thechassisincludesthetransmission,suspension,steering,andbrakesystems.
Transmissionsystems―conveysthedrivetothewheels.Themaincomponentsareclutch,gearbox,driveshaft,finaldrive,anddifferential.
Suspension―absorbstheroadshocks.
Steering―controlsthedirectionofthemovement.
Brake―slowsdownthevehicle.
1.5
Electrical
Equipment
Theelectricalsystemsupplieselectricityfortheignition,horn,lights,heater,andstarter.Theelectricitylevelismaintainedbyachargingcircuit.Thiscircuitconsistsofthebattery,alternator(orgenerator).Thebatterystoreselectricity.Thealternatorchangestheengine'
smechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergyandrechargesthebattery.
NewWords
Principalcomponent
主要部件category
种类,类型
body
车身chassis
底盘
layout
布置powerunit
动力装置
internalcombustionengine
内燃机cylinder
汽缸
gasoline
汽油spark
火
ignition
点燃,点火diesel
柴油机
compression
压缩shaft
轴
transmission
传动系sheetmetal
金属板
shell
外壳hood
(发动机)罩
trunkdeck
行李舱盖cargo
货物
styling
样式assembly
总成,装配
suspension
悬挂,悬置shock
冲击
steering
转向,操纵brake
刹车,制动器
clutch离合器gearbox
变速器
driveshaft
传动轴finaldrive
主减速器,后桥
differential
差速器slowdown(使)慢下来,减速
horn喇叭starter起动机
charge
充电alternator
交流发电机
ReviewQuestions
1.Listthemainpartsofanautomobile?
2.Whatarethecommontypesofavehicleaccordingtobodystyling?
3.Whichsystemsdoesachassisincludeandwhatarethemainfunctionsofthechassis?
4.Whyaresuspensionsystemsusedonvehicles?
CHAPTER2INTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINE
2.1principleofoperation
2.1.1Engineandpower
Engineisusedtoproducepower.Thechemicalenergyinfuelisconvertedtoheatbytheburningofthefuelatacontrolledrate.Thisprocessiscalledcombustion.Ifenginecombustionoccurswiththepowerchamber.,theengineiscalledinternalcombustionengine.Ifcombustiontakesplaceoutsidethecylinder,theengineiscalledanexternalcombustionengine.
Engineusedinautomobilesareinternalcombustionheatengines.Heatenergyreleasedinthecombustionchamberraisesthetemperatureofthecombustiongaseswiththechamber.Theincreaseingastemperaturecausesthepressureofthegasestoincrease.Thepressuredevelopedwithinthecombustionchamberisappliedtotheheadofapistontoproduceausablemechanicalforce,whichisthenconvertedintousefulmechanicalpower.
2.1.2EngineTerms
Linkingthepistonbyaconnectingrodtoacrankshaftcausesthegastorotatetheshaftthroughhalfaturn.Thepowerstroke“usesup”thegas,someansmustbeprovidedtoexpeltheburntgasandrechargethecylinderwithafreshpetrol-airmixture:
thiscontrolofgasmovementisthedutyofthevalves;
aninletvalveallowsthenewmixturetoenterattherighttimeandanexhaustvalveletsouttheburntgasafterthegashasdoneitsjob.Enginetermsare:
TDC(TopDeadCenter):
thepositionofthecrankandpistonwhenthepistonisfartherawayfromthecrankshaft.
BDC(BottomDeadCenter):
thepositionofthecrankandpistonwhenthepistonisnearesttothecrankshaft.
Stroke:
thedistancebetweenBDCandTDC;
strokeiscontrolledbythecrankshaft.
Bore:
theinternaldiameterofthecylinder.
Sweptvolume:
thevolumebetweenTDCandBDC.
Enginecapacity:
thisisthesweptvolumeofallthecylindere.g.afour-strokehavingacapacityoftwoliters(2000cm)hasacylindersweptvolumeof50cm.
Clearancevolume:
thevolumeofthespaceabovethepistonwhenitisatTDC.
Compressionratio=(sweptvol+clearancevol)\(clearancevol)
Two-stroke:
apowerstrokeeveryrevolutionofthecrank.
Four-stroke:
apowerstrokeeveryotherrevolutionofthecrank..
2.1.3TheFour-strokeSpark-ignitionEngineCycle
Thespark-ignitionengineisaninternal-combustionenginewithexternallysuppliedinignition,whichconvertstheenergycontainedinthefueltokineticenergy.
Thecycleofoperationsisspreadoverfourpistonstrokes.Tocompletethefullcycleittakestworevolutionsofthecrankshaft.
Theoperatingstrokesare:
Thisstrokeintroducesamixtureofatomizedgasolineandairintothecylinder.Thestrokestartswhenthepistonmovesdownwardfromapositionnearthetopofthecylinder.Asthepistonmovesdownward,avacuum,orlow-pressurearea,iscreated.
Duringtheintakestroke,oneoftheportsisopenedbymovingtheinletvalve.Theexhaustvalveremainstightlyclosed.
Compressionstroke
Asthepistonmovesupwardtocompressthefuelmixturetrappedinthecylinder,thevalvesareclosedtightly.Thiscompressionactionheatstheair/fuelmixtureslightlyandconfinesitwithinasmallareacalledthecombustionchamber.
Powerstroke
Justbeforethepistonreachesthetopofitscompressionstroke,anelectricalsparkisintroducedfromasparkplugscrewedintothecylinderhead.
Thesparkignitesthecompressed,heatedmixtureoffuelandairinthecombustionchambertocauserapidburning.Theburningfuelproducesintenseheatthatcausesrapidexpansionofthegasescompressedwithinthecylinder.Thispressureforcesthepistondownward.Thedownwardstroketurnsthecrankshaftwithgreatforce.
Exhauststroke
Justbeforethebottomofthepowerstroke,theexhaustvalveopens.Thisallowsthepiston,asitmovesupward,topushthehot,burnedgasesoutthroughtheopenexhaustvalve.
Then,justbeforethepistonreachesitshighestpoint,theexhaustvalveclosesandtheinletvalveopens.Asthepistonreachesthehighestpointinthecylinder,knownasTDC,itstartsbackdownagain.Thus,onecycleendsandanotherbeginsimmediately.
2.1.4EngineOverallMechanics
Theenginehashundredsofotherparts.Themajorpartsofengineareengineblock,engineheads,pistons,connectingrods,crankshaftandvalves.Theotherpartsarejoinedtomakesystems.Thesesystemsarethefuelsystem,intakesystem,ignitionsystem,coolingsystem,lubricationsystemandexhaustsystem.Eachofthesesystemshasadefinitefunction.Thesesystemswilldiscussedindetaillater.
NEWWORD
Piston活塞Connectingrod连杆
Crankshaft曲轴Powerstoke活塞行程
Expel排出Valve气阀
inlet(intake)valve进气阀exhaustvalve排气阀
term术语TDC上止点
BDC下止点Bore缸径
sweptvolume有效容积enginecapacity发动机排量
clearancevolume余隙容积,燃烧室容积compressionratio压缩比
revolution旋转,转数everyother每隔一个
cycle循环spreadover分布,遍及
intakestroke进气行程compressionstroke压缩行程
knock敲缸,敲打exhauststroke排气行程
engineblock发动机缸体lubrication润滑
2.2EngineBlockandCylinderHead
2.2.1
EngineBlock
Theengineblockisthebasicframeoftheengine.Allotherenginepartseitherfitinsideitorfastentoit.Itholdsthecylinders,waterjackets,andoilgalleries.Theengineblockalsoholdsthecrankshaft,whichfastenstothebottomoftheblock.Thecamshaftalsofitsinsidetheblock,exceptonoverhead-camengines(OHC).Inmostcars,thisblockismadeofgrayiron,oranalloy(mixture)ofgrayironandothermetals,suchasnickelorchromium.Engineblocksarecastings.
Someengineblocks,especiallythoseinsmallercars,aremadeofcastaluminum.Thismetalismuchlighterthaniron.However,ironwearsbetterthanaluminum.Therefore,thecylindersinmostaluminumenginesarelinedwithironorsteelsleeves.Thesesleevesarecalledcylindersleeves.Someengineblocksaremadeentirelyofaluminum.
2.2.2
CylinderHead
Thecylinderheadfastenstothetopoftheblock,justasarooffitsoverahouse.Theundersideformsthecombustionchamberwiththetopofthepiston.Themostcommoncylinderheadtypesarethehemi,wedge,andsemi-hemi.Allthreeofthesetermsrefertotheshapeoftheengine'
scombustionchamber.Thecylinderheadcarriesthevalves,valvespringsandtherockersontherockershaft,thispartofthevalvegearbeingworkedbythepush-rods.Sometimesthecamshaftisfitteddirectlyintothecylinderheadandoperatesonthevalveswithoutrockers.Thisiscalledanoverheadcamshaftarrangement.Likethecylinderblock,theheadismadefromeithercastironoraluminumalloy.
2.2.3
Gasket
Thecylinderheadisattachedtotheblockwithhigh-tensilesteelstuds.Thejointbetweentheblockandtheheadmustbegas-tightsothatnoneoftheburningmixturecanescape.Thisisachievedbyusingcylinderheadgasket.Thisisasandwichgasket,i.e.asheetofasbestosbetweentwosheetsofcopper,boththesematerialsbeingabletowithstandthehightemperatureandpressureswithintheengine
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