大学四级模拟1103Word格式.docx
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大学四级模拟1103Word格式.docx
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PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
ARoofoverOurHeads
Manhasthreebasicneeds:
food,clothing,andshelter.Ifamanlivesinawarmclimate,clothingisnotabsolutelynecessary.However,mancannotlivewithoutfood,and,hehaslittlechanceofsurvivalwithoutshelter.Mankindneedssheltertoprotecthimfromtheweather,wildanimals,insects,andhisenemies.
Longbeforemanlearnedhowtobuildhouses,helookedfornaturalshelters,astheanimalsdid.Hefoundthathecouldprotecthimselfbyclimbingupintotreesorbycrouchingundertheover-hangingedgesofcliffs,orbycrawlingintocaves.Thefirstsheltersorhomesactuallybuiltbymanwereverysimple.Forhisbuildingmaterials,heusedwhathecouldfindeasilyaroundhim:
rocks,treebranches,driedgrasses,animalskins.Itwasalongtime,however,beforemanbegantobuildpermanentsheltersbecause,untilmanlearnedtofarm,helivedbyhunting.And,inordertofollowgame,hehadtobeabletomovefromonehuntinggroundtoanother.Thus,thefirstman-madeshelterswerethosethatcouldbeeasilytransported.
Thefirstpermanentshelterswereprobablybuilttwentytofortythousandyearsagobyfisheatingpeoplewholivedinoneplaceaslongasthefishsupplylasted.Fish-eaterscouldstayinoneplaceforseveralyears.However,oncemanlearnedtofarm,hecouldlivelongerinoneplace.Thus,hewasabletobuildapermanenthome.Onceagain,hebuilthishomewiththematerialshefoundathand.InEgypt,forexample,woodwasscarce,somosthouseswerebuiltofbricksmadeofdriedmud,witharoofsupportedbypalmtreeminks.
WhentheNorsemencamefromScandinaviatonorthernEurope,theyfoundmanyforests,sotheybuilthomeswithaframeworkofheavytreethinksandtheyfilledthespacebetweenthetrunkswithclay.TheEskimos,ontheotherhand,livedinalandwheretherewaslittleornowood.Theylearnedtoadapttheirhomesperfectlytotheirsurroundings.Inthewintertime,wheneverythingwascoveredwithsnowandice,theEskimosbuilttheirhomeswithblocksofice.Whenthewarmweathercameandmeltedtheice,theEskimoslivedinatentmadeofanimalskins.
Theweatherisman'
sworstnaturalenemy.Hehastoprotecthimselffromextremesofheatandcoldandfromstorms,windandrain.
Wheretheweatherishotanddry,thehouseisgenerallymadeofclaybrick.Thewindowsaresmallandhighup,sothattheheatstaysoutside.Thereisoftenaflatroof,wherepeoplecanfindacoolplacetosleep.Inhot,humidareas,ontheotherhand,peopleneedtobeprotectedfromtherain,aswellastheheat.Insuchplaces,housesarebuiltwithwide,overhangingroofs,balconiesorverandas(走廊).
Wheretherearetorrentialrains,housesareeitherbuiltonpilestokeepthemofftheground,ortheyhavesteepthatched(草屋顶的)roofstodrainofftherain.PeoplelivingintheCongoRiverregionhavefoundthatsteep,heavily-thatchedroofsdrainoffthejunglerainsmorequickly.OtherpeopleinAfricahavefoundthataroofofbroadleavesshedsrainquickly.
InBorneo,housesarebuiltonhighpoststoprotectpeoplefromdampness.AndtherearetribesinMalayawhobuildtheirhomesintheforkedbranchesoftrees,andclimbuptotheirhousesonbambooladders.
Innortherncountries,peoplebuildhousestoprotectthemselvesfromcoldandsnow.Theirhousesarebuiltofsturdymaterials,andtheroofsaresteep,sothatthesnowwillslideoff.Therearealsooverhangingeaves(屋檐)tokeepthesnowfrompilingupnexttothehouse.And,innorthernSiberia,wheresnowfallisextremelyheavy,theroofsevenhaveafunnel-shaped(漏半状的)platformtoprotectthechimneysfromdriftingsnow.
Protectionfromdangerhasalsoinfluencedthetypeofhousemanbuilds.Whenenemiesthreatenedhim,manmadehishouseasinaccessibleaspossible.Thetree-dwellersofthePhilippinesprotectthemselvesbylivinghighabovetheground.Whendangerthreatens,theyremovetheladdersleadingtotheirhomes.ThecliffdwellersoftheAmericanSouthwestbuilttheirhomeshighuponthesidesofcliffs,whereaccesswasverydifficult.
Nomad(游牧的)tribesmustmovefromplacetoplace,takingcareofflocksofsheepthatarealwaysinneedoffreshgrass.Theirhousesmustbesimpleandeasytotransport.ThenomadsofcentralAsiahavedevelopedahousemadeofaframeworkofpolescoveredwithfelt(毛毡).Thehouseisroundbecausetheframeworkiscurved.Thepolesarefastenedtogetheratthetopwithawoodenring,andthereisaholeatthetoptoletthesmokeout.
InEuropethereareveryfewwoodenhousesbeingbuilttoday.Thisispartlybecausewoodisnolongerasplentifulasitoncewas,andpartlybecausewoodenhousesarequiteinflammable(易燃的).Ontheotherhand,therearemanywoodenhousesinAmerica.Thisisbecausethefirstsettlerswantedtobuildhousesquicklyandinexpensively.Sincethecountrywascoveredinmanyplaceswithforests,sometreeshadtobecutdowntomakeroomforhouses.
Housesinmanycitiesusedtobemadeofwood.However,sincethehouseswereveryclosetogether,firecouldeasilyspreadfromonehousetoanother.Thereweredisastrousfiresinsomecities,suchasthegreatfireofLondonin1666.Whentheburned-outcitieswererebuilt,woodwasstillusedfortheframesandtheroofs,butstonesorbrickswereusedforwalls.
Therearesomanypeoplelivinginsomecitiesthatitisoftenverydifficulttofindaplacetolive,andifonedoesfindaplaceitisoftentoosmall.Andmanyofthehousesaretoooldanduncomfortable.Justasinprehistorictimes,findingagoodplacetolivecontinuestobeoneofman'
smosturgentproblems.
1.Whatdoesthepassagefocuson?
A)Man'
sthreebasicneeds.B)Developmentofroofs.
C)Man'
sself-protectionmethods.D)Man'
sneedforhousing.
2.Whoprobablybuiltthefirstpermanentshelters?
A)Fish-eaters.B)Hunters.C)Lumbermen.D)Farmers.
3.WheredotheEskimosliveinwinter?
A)Intentsmadeofanimalskins.B)Inwoodedhousescoveredbyice.
C)Inhousesmadeoficeblocks.D)Insnow-coveredhollowtreetrunks.
4.What'
sthemainfunctionofsteepthatchedroofs?
A)Tokeepoffextraheat.B)Toshedjunglerains.
C)Tobeautifythebuildings.D)Toshowoffowners'
wealth.
5.WhydidthecliffdwellersoftheAmericanSouthwestbuildtheirhomessohighup?
A)Toprotectthemselvesfromenemies.B)Tohaveagoodviewofthevalleybelow.
C)Togetmoresunshineandfreshair.D)Toescapefromtheurbannoise.
6.WhatdisasterstruckLondonin1666?
A)War.B)Earthquake.C)Flood.D)Greatfire.
7.Whaturgentproblemdosomecity-dwellersstillhavetofacenow?
A)Findingasafeplacetolivein.B)Findingaquietplacetolivein.
C)Findingacomfortableplacetolivein.D)Findingamodernplacetolivein.
8.Thefirstman-madeshelterscouldbeeasily______.
9.TheNorsemenbuilthomeswith______andfilledthespacewithclay.
10.ThehousebuiltbyNomadsofCentralAsiaisroundbecause______.
Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Canmoneybuyhappiness?
Yes,(47)theauthorsofanewstudy--butonlyuptoapoint.
Psychologyhasshownthatricherpeoplegenerallyranktheoverallqualityoftheirlivesmore(48)thanpoorerpeopledo.Atthesametime,theiractualhappinessseemstobe(49)lessbytheirabilitytobuymorethanbybeingabletokeepupwiththosewithcomparableresourcesintheirownagegroup.
"
Ourfindingspointtothepossibilitythat,ratherthanpromotingoverallhappiness,continuedincomegrowthcould(50)anongoingconsumptionracewherepeoplehavetoconsumemoreandmore,justtomaintaina(51)levelofhappiness,"
writesGlennFirebaughofPennsylvaniaStateUniversity.
Thestudywas(52)attheAmericanSociologicalAssociation'
s100thAnnualMeeting.Whetherthericharehappierasawholethantheirless(53)fellowsisbecominganincreasinglyhottopicfordebate.Recentyearshave(54)manywritingsonthe"
scienceofhappiness."
Richerpeoplearehappierbecausemoneycanhelppurchasegoodsandservicesanditisthe(55)ofthesematerialsthatincreasesone'
senjoymentoflifeandone'
ssenseofwell-being.
Firebaughandhiscolleaguesmeasuredtheage,totalfamilyincome,andgeneralhappinessof(56)aged20to54,generallyconsideredtheworkinglifespan(工作寿命)formostAmericans.
Regardlessofsuchstandardsasphysicalhealth,education,andmaritalstatus(婚姻状况),people'
shappinesswasaffectedbywhatothersearned.Thehighertheincomeofothersinone'
sagegroup,thelowerone'
shappiness.
A)constantB)wealthyC)claimD)deny
E)motivatedF)consumptionG)consequentlyH)implement
I)automaticJ)presentedK)witnessedL)rejected
M)individualsN)favorablyO)challenging
SectionB
Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.
PassageOne
Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Thepresidento
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