新概念第四册课文48篇Word格式.docx
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新概念第四册课文48篇Word格式.docx
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modern men'
camefrom.
Fortunately,however,ancient men made toolsof stone,especiallyflint(打火石),becausethisiseasiertoshapethanotherkinds.Theymayalsohave used woodandskins,butthesehave rotted(腐烂)away. Stonedoesnotdecay(腐烂),andsothetoolsof long agohaveremainedwheneventhe bonesofthemenwhomadethem havedisappeared withouttrace.
Lesson2 Sparethat spider
Why,youmaywonder,shouldspidersbeour friends?
Becausetheydestroysomany insects,and insectsincludesomeofthegreatestenemiesofthe humanrace.Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforusto liveintheworld;
theywoulddevour(吞吃)all ourcrops and killourflocksandherds (牛羊),ifit were notfor theprotectionwe getfrom insect-eatinganimals.Weowe(欠)alottothebirds andbeastswhoeatinsects butallofthemput togetherkillonlya fraction (小部分)ofthenumberdestroyedbyspiders.Moreover,unlikesomeof theotherinsecteaters,spidersnever do theharm tous orourbelongings(财产).
Spiders arenot insects,asmany peoplethink, norevennearlyrelated tothem.One cantell thedifferencealmostataglance,foraspideralwayshaseightlegs andinsectnever more thansix.
How manyspidersare engaged (忙碌)inthis worknoourbehalf?
Oneauthorityonspidersmade acensus(人口普查)ofthe spidersingrassfield inthesouthofEngland,andheestimated thattherewere morethan2,250,000 in one acre;
thatissomethinglike6,000,000spidersofdifferent kindson a footballpitch. Spidersarebusyfor atleasthalftheyearin killinginsects.It is impossibletomakemorethanthewildestguessat howmanytheykill,buttheyarehungrycreatures,not content(满足)withonlythreemealsaday.Ithasbeenestimatedthat theweight ofallthe insectsdestroyedbyspidersin Britaininoneyearwouldbegreaterthan the totalweightof allthehumanbeings inthecountry.
Lesson3 Matterhornman
Modernalpinists trytoclimb mountainsbyaroute which willgivethemgoodsport,andthemoredifficultitis,themore highly itisregarded.Inthe pioneeringdays,however,thiswasnotthe caseat all.Theearlyclimberswerelookingfortheeasiestway tothetop, becausethesummitwasthe prize theysought,especiallyifitandneverbeenattained before.Itistrue that duringtheirexplorationstheyoftenfaceddifficultiesanddangers ofthe mostperilousnature, equippedin amannerwith wouldmake amodernclimbershudderatthe thought,but theydid notgo out oftheirway tocourtsuchexcitement.They hada singleaim,asolitarygoal--thetop!
It is hardforus to realizenowadayshow difficultitwasforthe pioneers. Exceptforoneortwoplacessuch asZermattandChamonix,which hadrapidly becomepopular,Alpine villagetendedtobe impoverished settlementscut offfrom civilization bythehighmountains.Suchinns as thereweregenerallydirtyand flea-ridden;
the foodsimply localcheeseaccompaniedbybread oftentwelvemonthsold,all washeddownwithcoarsewine. Oftena valley boastednoinnat all,andclimbers foundshelterwherever theycould--sometimeswiththelocal priest(whowasusuallyas poorashis parishioners),sometimeswithshepherdsorcheese-makers. Invariablythebackgroundwasthesame:
dirtandpoverty,andveryuncomfortable.Formenaccustomedtoeatingseven-coursedinnersandsleepingbetween fine linensheets athome,the changetotheAlpsmust haveveryhardindeed.
Lesson 4 Seeing hands
Severalcaseshavebeen reportedinRussia recentlyof peoplewhocandetect(察觉)colourswith theirfingers,andeven seethroughsolidandwalls.Onecaseconcerns andeleven-year-old schoolgirl,VeraPetrova,whohasnormal visionbut whocanalsoperceive (感觉) thingswith differentpartsofherskin,andthrough solid walls. Thisability wasfirstnoticed byherfather.Onedayshecameintohisofficeandhappenedtoputher handsonthedoorofalockedsafe(保险箱).Suddenly sheaskedherfatherwhy hekeptsomanyoldnewspapers lockedaway there,andeven described theway theyweredoneupinbundles(捆).
Vera'
s curious talentwasbroughttothenoticeof ascientificresearchinstituteinthetownofUlyanovsk,near whereshe lives,andinApril she was givenaseriesoftestsbyaspecial commissionoftheMinistryofHealthofthe RussianFederalRepublic.During thesetestsshewasable toreadanewspaperthrough an opaque(不透明的)screen and,strangerstill,bymovingher elbow overachild'
s gameofLotto shewasabletodescribethefigures and coloursprintedonit;
and,in another instance,wearing stockings(长袜) and slippers(拖鞋), tomake out withherfoot theoutlinesandcoloursof apicturehiddenunderacarpet(地毯).Otherexperimentsshowedthather kneesand shoulders hada similar sensitivity. During allthesetestsVera was blindfold(眼罩);
and, indeed, exceptwhen blindfoldshelackedtheability toperceivethingswithherskin.It wasalso found that although shecouldperceive thingswithherfingersthisabilityceased themoment herhandswerewet.
Lesson6 Youth
Peoplearealwaystalkingabout'
theproblemofyouth'.Ifthereisone --which Itake leaveto doubt-- thenitisolder peoplewhocreateit,nottheyoungthemselves. Let usget downto fundamentalsandagree thattheyoungareafterallhumanbeings --peoplejustlike their elders.Thereisonlyonedifferencebetween anoldmanandayoungone:
theyoungmanhasagloriousfuturebeforehimandtheoldonehasa splendidfuturebehindhim:
and maybethatis wheretherub摩擦is.
WhenIwas ateenager,IfeltthatIwasjustyoungand uncertain--thatIwasanewboyinahugeschool, and Iwouldhavebeen verypleasedto beregardedassomethingso interesting asaproblem.Foronething,beingaproblemgivesyouacertainidentity 一致性,andthatis oneof thethingsthe youngare busily engagedinseeking.
Ifindyoungpeopleexciting.They havean air offreedom,and they notadreary沉闷的commitmenttomeanambitionsorlove of comfort安慰.Theyare notanxioussocialclimbers,and theyhaveno devotionto material things. Allthisseemstometo linkthemwithlife, andtheorigins ofthings.It'
sas if they were,in some sense,cosmic 宇宙的beingsinviolentandlovelycontrastwithussuburban郊外的creatures.AllthatisinmymindwhenImeetayoungperson.Hemaybe conceited逞能的,ill-mannered,presumptuous专横的orfatuous愚昧的,butIdonotturnfor protection todrearycliché
s陈词滥调about respectof elders--asifmereagewereareasonforrespect.Iaccept thatweareequals,and Iwillarguewithhim,asanequal,if Ithink heis wrong.
Lesson7 Thesporting spirit
IamalwaysamazedwhenI hearpeoplesayingthat sportcreatesgoodwill(善意)betweenthenations,and thatifonlythecommon peoplesofthe wouldcouldmeet oneanotheratfootballorcricket(板球), theywould haveno inclination(倾向) tomeetonthebattlefield 战场.Even ifone didn'
tknowfromconcrete具体的examples(the1936 OlympicGames,for instance)that internationalsportingcontestslead toorgies放荡ofhatred, onecould deduce推论iffromgeneralprinciples.
Nearlyallthesports practisednowadays are competitive.Youplay towin,andthegamehas littlemeaningunless youdoyour utmosttowin.Onthevillagegreen,whereyoupickupsides andnofeelingoflocalpatriotism爱国精神isinvolved,itispossibletoplaysimply forthe funandexercise:
butas soonasathe questionofprestige声望 arises,assoonasyoufeelthatyou andsomelargerunitwillbedisgraced耻辱 ifyou lose,themostsavage野蛮的 combativeinstinctsarearoused(唤起). Anyone whohasplayed evenin aschoolfootball matchknowsthis.Attheinternationallevel, sportisfrankly(坦白的) mimic模仿的 warfare (战争).Butthe significant thingisnotthebehaviourof theplayersbuttheattitude ofthespectators观众:
and,behindthe spectators,ofthenationswhowork themselvesintofuriesovertheseabsurd 荒谬的contests(竞赛),andseriously believe--at anyrateforshortperiods--thatrunning,jumping and kickingaballare tests of nationalvirtue(美德).
Lesson9 Bats
Notallsoundsmade byanimalsserveas language,and wehaveonly to turntothat extraordinarydiscoveryofecho-locationin batsto seeacasein whichthevoiceplaysa strictlyutilitarian role.
To getafullappreciationofwhatthismeanswe must turnfirstto somerecenthuman inventions.Everyoneknows thatifheshoutsin thevicinityofa walloramountainside,an echowillcomeback.The furtheroffthis solid obstruction,thelongertimewillelapsefor thereturnofthe echo.Asound made by tappingonthe hull ofaship willbereflectedfromtheseabottom,andbymeasuringthetime intervalbetween thetapsandthereceipt oftheechoes, thedepthof thesea at thatpoint canbe calculated.Sowas borntheecho-soundingapparatus,now
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