雅思阅读选词摘要题的出题特点解题步骤讲解Word文件下载.docx
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雅思阅读选词摘要题的出题特点解题步骤讲解Word文件下载.docx
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雅思阅读选词摘要题讲解--TheLittleIceAge
THELITTLEICEAGE
A
ThisbookwillprovideadetailedexaminationoftheLittleIceAgeandotherclimaticshifts,but,beforeIembarkonthat,letmeprovideahistoricalcontext.Wetendtothinkofclimate-asopposedtoweather-assomethingunchanging,yethumanityhasbeenatthemercyofclimatechangeforitsentireexistence,withatleasteightglacialepisodesinthepast730,000years.OurancestorsadaptedtotheuniversalbutirregularglobalwarmingsincetheendofthelastgreatIceAge,around10,000yearsago,withdazzlingopportunism.Theydevelopedstrategiesforsurvivingharshdroughtcycles,decadesofheavyrainfallorunaccustomedcold;
adoptedagricultureandstock-raising,whichrevolutionizedhumanlife;
andfoundedtheworldsfirstpre-industrialcivilizationsinEgypt,MesopotamiaandtheAmericas.Butthepriceofsuddenclimatechange,infamine,diseaseandsuffering,wasoftenhigh.
B
TheLittleIceAgelastedfromroughly1300untilthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury.Onlytwocenturiesago,Europeexperiencedacycleofbitterlycoldwinters;
mountainglaciersintheSwissAlpswerethelowestin-recordedmemory,andpackicesurroundedIcelandformuchoftheyear.TheclimaticeventsoftheLittleIceAgedidmorethanhelpshapethemodernworld.Theyarethedeeplyimportantcontextforthecurrentunprecedentedglobalwarming.TheLittleIceAgewasfarfromadeepfreeze,however;
ratheranirregularseesawofrapidclimaticshifts,fewlastingmorethanaquarter-century,drivenbycomplexandstilllittleunderstoodinteractionsbetweentheatmosphereandtheocean.Theseesawbroughtcyclesofintenselycoldwintersandeasterlywinds,thenswitchedabruptlytoyearsofheavyspringandearlysummerrains,mildwinters,andfrequentAtlanticstorms,ortoperiodsofdroughts,lightnortheasterlywinds,andsummerheatwaves.
C
Reconstructingtheclimatechangesofthepastisextremelydifficult,becausesystematicweatherobservationsbeganonlyafewcenturiesago,inEuropeandNorthAmerica.RecordsfromIndiaandtropicalAfricaareevenmorerecent.Forthetimebeforerecordsbegan,wehaveonlyproxyrecordsreconstructedlargelyfromtreeringsandicecores,supplementedbyafewincompletewrittenaccounts.Wenowhavehundredsoftree-ringrecordsfromthroughoutthenorthernhemisphere,andmanyfromsouthoftheequator,too,amplifiedwithagrowingbodyoftemperaturedatafromicecoresdrilledinAntarctica,GreenlandthePeruvianAndes,andotherlocations.Weareclosetoknowledgeofannualsummerandwintertemperaturevariationsovermuchofthenorthernhemispheregoingback600years.
D
Thisbookisanarrativehistoryofclimaticshiftsduringthepasttencenturies,andsomeofthewaysinwhichpeopleinEuropeadaptedtothem.PartOnedescribestheMedievalWarmPeriod,roughly900t01200.Duringthesethreecenturies,NorsevoyagersfromNorthernEuropeexplorednorthernseas,settledGreenland,andvisitedNorthAmerica.Itwasnotatimeofuniformwarmth,forthen,asalwayssincetheGreatIceAge,therewereconstantshiftsinrainfallandtemperature.MeanEuropeantemperatureswereaboutthesameastoday,perhapsslightlycooler.
E
ItisknownthattheLittleIceAgecoolingbeganinGreenlandandtheArcticinabout1200.AstheArcticicepackspreadsouthward,NorsevoyagestothewestwerereroutedintotheopenAtlantic,thenendedaltogether.StorminessincreasedintheNorthAtlanticandNorthSea.Colder,muchwetterweatherdescendedonEuropebetween1315and1319,whenthousandsperishedinacontinent-widefamine.By1400,theweatherhadbecomedecidedlymoreunpredictableandstormier,withsuddenshiftsandlowertemperaturesthatculminatedinthecolddecadesofthelatesixteenthcentury.Fishwereavitalcommodityingrowingtownsandcities,wherefoodsupplieswereaconstantconcern.DriedcodandherringwerealreadythestaplesoftheEuropeanfishtrade,butchangesinwatertemperaturesforcedfishingfleetstoworkfurtheroffshore.TheBasques,Dutch,andEnglishdevelopedthefirstoffshorefishingboatsadaptedtoacolderandstormierAtlantic.AgradualagriculturalrevolutioninnorthernEuropestemmedfromconcernsoverfoodsuppliesatatimeofrisingpopulations.Therevolutioninvolvedintensivecommercialfarmingandthegrowingofanimalfodderonlandnotpreviouslyusedforcrops.Theincreasedproductivityfromfarmlandmadesomecountriesself-sufficientingrainandlivestockandofferedeffectiveprotectionagainstfamine.
F
Globaltemperaturesbegantoriseslowlyafter1850,withthebeginningoftheModernWarmPeriod.TherewasavastmigrationfromEuropebyland-hungryfarmersandothers,towhichthefaminecausedbytheIrishpotatoblightcontributed,toNorthAmerica,Australia,NewZealand,andsouthernAfrica.Millionsofhectaresofforestandwoodlandfellbeforethenewcomersaxesbetween1850and-1890,asintensiveEuropeanfarmingmethodsexpandedacrosstheworld.Theunprecedentedlandclearancereleasedvastquantitiesofcarbondioxideintotheatmosphere,triggeringforthefirsttimehumanlycausedglobalwarming.Temperaturesclimbedmorerapidlyinthetwentiethcenturyastheuseoffossilfuelsproliferatedandgreenhousegaslevelscontinuedtosoar.Therisehasbeenevensteepersincetheearly1980s.TheLittleIceAgehasgivenwaytoanewclimaticregime,markedbyprolongedandsteadywarming.Atthesametime,extremeweathereventslikeCategory5hurricanesarebecomingmorefrequent.
Questions18-22
Completethesummaryusingthelistofwords,A-I,below.
Writethecorrectletter,A-I,inboxes1-5onyouranswersheet.
WeatherduringthelittleIceAge
Documentationofpastweatherconditionsislimited:
ourmainsourcesofknowledgeofinthedistantpastare18_____and19_____.WecandeducethattheLittleIceAgewasatimeof20____,ratherthanofconsistentfreezing.Withinitthereweresomeperiodsofverycoldwinters,othersof21______andheavyrain,andyetothersthatsaw22_____withnorainatall.
AclimaticshiftsBicecoresCtreerings
DglaciersEinteractionsFweatherobservations
GheatwavesHstormsIwrittenaccounts
真题精讲:
长难句讲解:
1.TheLittleIceAgewasfarfromadeepfreeze,however,ratheranirregularseesawofrapidclimaticshifts,fewlastingmorethanaquarter-century,drivenbycomplexandstilllittleunderstoodinteractionsbetweentheatmosphereandtheocean.
参考译文:
然而,小冰期远非一个深度冰冻期,它实际上是由大气与海洋之间复杂难解的相互作用引起的,持续期普遍短语25年的一系列不规则气候巨变的集合。
知识点:
本题是summary题,farfrom表示“远不是”,相当于“notmerely”,因此这句话要强调的部分在however后面,即LittleIceAge是一个气候变化迅速的时代。
2.Weareclosetoaknowledgeofannualsummerandwintertemperaturevariationsovermuchofthenorthernhemispheregoingback600years.
我们很快就要掌握北半球大部600年前的年度冬夏温度的变化了。
Wearecloseto(主谓)knowledge宾语介词短语形式跟着定语aknowledgeofannualsummerandwintertemperaturevariationsovermuchofthenorthernhemispheregoingback600years.(部修饰说明前面整定语其goingback600years置定语修饰northernhemisphere)
3.Therevolutioninvolvedintensivecommercialfarmingandthegrowingofanimalfodderonlandnotpreviouslyusedforcrops.
这次革命带来了集中的商业耕种,以及为了种植动物饲料而在非农作物用地上进行的土地开垦。
该句主干为therevolutioninvolved---and---之后的notpreviouslyusedforcrops用来修饰land。
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