美国文学史简答题论述题文档格式.docx
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美国文学史简答题论述题文档格式.docx
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TheletterfunctionsasaphysicalreminderofHester'
saffairwithDimmesdale.Itseemsinsignificant,andhelpstopointouttheultimatemeaninglessnessofthecommunity'
ssystemofjudgmentandpunishment.Theletterismerelyahumancontrivance(发明物).Andtheinstabilityoftheletter'
sapparentmeaningcallsinto(实行,去)questionsociety'
sabilitytousesymbolsforideologicalreinforcement.
TheMeteor(流星)
AsDimmesdalestandsonthescaffold(绞刑台)withHesterandPearlinChapter12,ameteortracesoutan'
'
A'
inthenightsky.ToDimmesdale,themeteorimpliesthatheshouldwearamarkofshamejustasHesterdoes.However,themeteorisinterpreteddifferentlybytherestofthecommunity,whichthinksthatitstandsfor'
Angel'
.
But'
isanawkwardreadingofthesymbol.ThePuritanscommonlylookedtosymbolstoconfirmdivinesentiments.Inthisnarrative,however,symbolsaretakentomeanwhatthebeholder(旁观者)wantsthemtomean.Theincidentwiththemeteorobviouslyhighlights(强调,突出)andexemplifiestwodifferentusesofsymbols:
Puritanandliterary.
Pearl
AlthoughPearlisacomplexcharacter,herprimaryfunctionwithinthenovelisasasymbol.Pearlisasortoflivingversionofhermother'
sscarletletter.Sheisthephysicalconsequenceofsexualsinandtheindicatorofatransgression(犯罪).Yet,evenasareminderofHester'
s'
sin,'
Pearlismorethanamerepunishmenttohermother:
sheisalsoablessing.Sherepresentsnotonly'
sin'
butalsothevitalspiritandpassionthatengendered(产生)thatsin.Thus,Pearl'
sexistencegiveshermotherreasontolive,bolstering(支持)herspiritswhensheistemptedtogiveup.ItisonlyafterDimmesdaleisrevealedtobePearl'
sfatherthatPearlcanbecomefully'
human.'
Untilthen,shefunctionsinasymboliccapacityasthereminderofanunsolvedmystery.
主题
Themes
Sin,Knowledge,andtheHumanCondition(身份)
SinandknowledgearelinkedintheJudeo-Christiantradition.TheexperienceofHesterandDimmesdalerecallsthestoryofAdamandEvebecause,inbothcases,sinresultsinexpulsion(驱逐)andsuffering.Butitalsoresultsinknowledge—specifically,inknowledgeofwhatitmeanstobehuman.ForHester,thescarletletterfunctionsas'
herpassportintoregionswhereotherwomendarednottread,'
leadingherto'
speculate'
abouthersocietyandherselfmore"
boldly"
thananyoneelseinNewEngland.Finally,Hesterachievedthehumancondition.
TheNatureofEvil
Thecharacterstrytorootoutthecausesofevil.TheconfusionoverthenatureandcausesofevilrevealstheproblemswiththePuritanconceptionofsin.
Thebookarguesthattrueevilarisesfromthecloserelationshipbetweenhateandlove.EvilisnotfoundinHesterandDimmesdale'
slovemaking,noreveninthecruelignoranceofthePuritanfathers.EvilisfoundinthecarefullyplottedandpreciselyaimedrevengeofChillingworth,whoselovehasbeenperverted(堕落,滥用).AndDimmesdale,whoshouldlovePearl,willnotevenpubliclyacknowledgeher.Hiscrueldenialoflovetohisownchildmaybeseenasfurtherperpetrating(犯罪)evil.
IdentityandSociety
AfterHesterispubliclyshamedandforcedtoleave,sherefused.Hester'
sbehaviorispremisedonherdesiretodetermineherownidentityratherthantoallowotherstodetermineitforher.Toher,runningawayorremovingtheletterwouldbeanacknowledgmentofsociety'
spoweroverher:
shewouldbeadmittingthattheletterisamarkofshame.Instead,Hesterstays,refiguring(重新塑造)thescarletletterasasymbolofherownexperiencesandcharacter.Herpastsinisapartofwhosheis;
topretendthatitneverhappenedwouldmeandenyingapartofherself.Thus,Hesterverydeterminedlyintegrateshersinintoherlife.
Dimmesdalealsostrugglesagainstasociallydeterminedidentity.Asthecommunity'
sminister,heismoresymbolthanhumanbeing.Unfortunately,DimmesdaleneverfullyrecognizesthetruthofwhatHesterhaslearned:
thatindividualityandstrengtharegainedbytheself-assertionandbyareconfiguration,notarejectionofone'
sassignedidentity.
Motifs(母题)
CivilizationVersustheWilderness
InTheScarletLetter,thetownandthesurroundingforestrepresentopposingbehavioralsystems.Thetownrepresentscivilization,arule-boundspacewhereeverythingonedoesisondisplayandwheretransgressions(犯罪)arequicklypunished.Theforest,ontheotherhand,isaspaceofnaturalratherthanhumanauthority.Intheforest,society'
srulesdonotapply.WhenHesterandDimmesdalemeetinthewoods,forafewmoments,theybecomehappyyoungloversonceagain.Hester'
scottage,which,significantly,islocatedontheoutskirtsoftownandattheedgeoftheforest,embodiesbothorders.
NightVersusDay
Byemphasizingthealternationbetweensunlightanddarkness,thenovelorganizestheplot'
seventsintotwocategories:
thosewhicharesociallyacceptable,andthosewhichmusttakeplacecovertly.Daylightexposesanindividual'
sactivitiesandmakeshimorhervulnerabletopunishment.Night,ontheotherhand,concealsandenablesactivitiesthatwouldnotbepossibleortoleratedduringtheday.Nightisthetimewheninnernaturescanmanifestthemselves.EvocativeNames(动人的)
Thenamesinthisnoveloftenseemtobeinterpretedallegorically(寓言的).Chillingworthiscoldandinhumanandthusbringsa'
chill'
toHester'
sandDimmesdale'
slives.'
Dimmesdale'
suggests'
dimness'
weakness,indeterminacy,lackofinsight,andlackofwill.Thename'
Pearl'
evokesabiblicalallegoricaldevice—the'
pearlofgreatprice'
.Thissystemofnaminglendsaprofundity(深度)tothestory.Italsoaligns(匹配)thenovelwithpopularformsofnarrativesuchasfairytales.
MobiDick《白鲸》HermanMelville
TheLimitsofKnowledge
Overthecourseofthenovel,Ishmaelmakesuseofnearlyeverydisciplineknowntomantounderstandtheessentialnatureofthewhale,includingart,taxonomy(分类学),andphrenology(骨相学),butfailstogiveanadequateaccount(详细的说明).Itsuggestthathumanknowledgeisalwayslimitedandinsufficient.WhenitcomestoMobyDickhimself,thislimitationtakesonallegoricalsignificance.ThewaysofMobyDick,likethoseoftheChristianGod,areunknowabletoman,andthustryingtointerpretthem,asAhabdoes,isinevitablyfutileandoftenfatal.
TheDeceptiveness(虚伪)ofFate
Ishmael'
snarrativecontainsmanyreferencestofate,creatingtheimpressionthatthePequod'
sdoomisinevitable.Manyofthesailorsbelieveinprophecies,andsomeevenclaimtheabilitytoforetellthefuture.Ahab,forexample,clearlyexploitsthesailors'
beliefinfatetomanipulatethemintothinkingthatthequest(追寻)forMobyDickistheircommondestiny.
TheExploitative(利用)NatureofWhaling(捕鲸)
Atfirstglance,thePequodseemslikeanislandofequalityandfellowshipinthemidstofaracist,hierarchicallystructuredworld.Theship'
screwincludesmenfromallcornersoftheglobeandallraceswhoseemtogetalongharmoniously.
However,theworkofwhalingparallelstheotherexploitativeactivities—buffalohunting,goldmining,unfairtradewithindigenouspeoplethatcharacterizeAmericanandEuropeanterritorialexpansion.EachofthePequod'
smates,whoarenonwhitesperformmostofthedirtyordangerousjobsaboardtheship.Actually,itisfullofinequalityandracialdiscrimination.
ThePequod
NamedafteraNativeAmericantribeinMassachusettsthatdidnotlongsurvivethearrivalofwhitemen,thePequodisasymbolofdoom.Itispaintedagloomyblackandcoveredinwhaleteethandbones,bristlingwith(布满)themementos(死亡的警告)ofviolentdeath.Itis,infact,markedfordeath.Adorned(装饰)likeaprimitivecoffin,thePequodbecomesone.
MobyDick
MobyDickpossessesvarioussymbolicmeaningsforvariousindividuals.TothePequod'
screw,thelegendaryWhiteWhaleisaconceptontowhichtheycandisplacetheiranxietiesabouttheirdangerousandfrighteningjobs.Ahab,ontheotherhand,believesthatMobyDickisamanifestationofallthatiswrongwiththeworld,andhefeelsthatitishisdestinytoeradicatethissymbolicevil.
MobyDickalsobearsout(证实)interpretationsnottieddownto(束缚在)specificcharacters.Initsinscrutable(神秘的)silenceandmysterioushabits,forexample,theWhiteWhalecanbereadasanallegoricalrepresentationofanunknowableGod.Asaprofitablecommodity,itfitsintotheeconomicexpansionandexploitationinthe19thcentury.Asapartofthenaturalworld,itrepresentsthedestructionoftheenvironmentbysuchhugeexpansion.
Queequeg'
sCoffin
Queequeg'
scoffinalternatelysymbolizeslifeanddeath.Queequeghasitbuiltwhenheisseriouslyill,butwhenherecovers,itbecomesachest(金库)toholdhisbelongingsandanemblemofhiswilltolive.Heperpetuates(保持)theknowledgetattooedonhisbodybycarvingitontothecoffin'
slid(盖子).Thecoffinfurthercomestosymbolizelife.WhenthePequodsinks,thecoffinbecomesIshmael'
sbuoy,savingnotonlyhislifebutthelifeofthenarrativethathewillpasson.
TheOpenBoat《海上扁舟》(Naturalism)StephenCrane
Nature'
sIndifferencetoMan
Despitethenarrator'
sprofusionof(丰富的)animistic(animal-like),humanistic(manlike),anddeistic(godlike)characterizationsofnature,Cranemakesclearthat
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