无机非金属英语重点词汇及段落Word格式文档下载.docx

无机非金属英语重点词汇及段落Word格式文档下载.docx

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enamels[I’næ

məl]搪瓷vt.涂瓷釉于;

给…上瓷漆;

给…上彩饰

stoneware炻器once-fired一次烧成biscuitfired素烧

glazedfiring釉烧

feldspars长石chalk白垩

White-ware:

ageneraltermforallthosevarietiesofpotterythatusuallyhaveawhitebody,e.g,tableware,sanitarywareandwalltiles.

Glaze:

Athinglassylayerformedonthesurfaceofaceramicproductbyfiringonappliedcoating,aglazemaybepartiallycrystalline.

Porcelain:

thinshinymaterialofveryfinequality,ofwhichcups,dishesetc.,maybemade,andwhichisproducedbybakingaclaymixture.瓷器

China:

inUSA,ASTM-C242definesthewordasanyglazedorunglazedvitreousceramicwhite-wareusedfornon-technicalpurposes,e.g.dinnerware,sanitary-wareandart-ware,providedthattheyarevitreous.精细瓷器

China,ahardwhitesubstancemadebybakingfineclayathightemperature-compareporcelain.

1.2Classificationofceramics

AdvancedceramicscanbeclassifiedasEngineeringCeramicsandFunctionalCeramicsbytheirproperties

Typicalengineeringceramicsnowwidelyusedarealumina[ə’lju:

minə]n.氧化铝,zirconia[zə:

’kəuniə]氧化锆,siliconcarbide,andsiliconnitrideetc

Functionalceramicsincludesbioceramics,electronicceramics,magneticceramics,opticalceramics,nuclearandenvironmentalceramics,super-conductingceramics,electro-opticceramicsetc.

1.3ThehistoryofChineseceramics

Porcelainderivedfrompottery.Scholarsdifferon持不同意见exactlyhowandwhenpottery-makingbegan.

prehistory史前

PorcelainwasagreatinventionofancientChina

After1,000years,matureceladons[‘selədən]灰绿色,青瓷色weremanufacturedinEasternHan.EasternHanwasinimportantmilestoneinChineseceramichistory.

Forexample,NorthXin邢werewhiteceramics‘‘silver-alike,snow-alike’’,SouthernYuewereceladons‘‘jade-alike,ice-alike’’,twoseriesofwares"

northwhite,Southceladon‘‘formed.

TheporcelaincapitalJingdezhengrewupinYuanDynasty,anditwasveryfamousforblue-and-whiteporcelain,underglazed[‘ʌndəɡleiz]釉下的redporcelainandeggwhiteporcelain.

Peopleinventedanothernewwaytomakeceramicswhichmixedporcelainstonesandkaolin.

bronzered铜红delicate[‘delikit]精美的,雅致的elegant优美的

theopiumwar鸦片战争breakingout,Chinareducedtothestatusofsemi-colonial[kə’ləunjəl],semi-feudal[‘fju:

dl]封建的societywithweaknationalpower.

BeingthepeakofChineseceramicshistory,theceramicsindustryofMingandQingDynastyhadagreatinfluenceuponmodernChineseceramicsindustry.

sitesof遗址theNeolithicage,commodities日用品,potteryfigurine雕像.clay-stripbuildingmethod（泥条筑成型方法）

throwclaymethod（拉坯成型）,side-firedkiln（侧烧窑）andshaftkiln（立窑）groundfiring（园烧）.firingtemperature烧成温度

Kiln[kiln]窑:

Ahightemperatureinstallationusedforfiringceramicwareorforcalciningorsintering.

shaftkiln（立窑）:

verticalkilnchargedatthetopanddischargedatthebottom.

Celadon:

Anartwareglazeofacharacteristicgreencolour,whichisobtainedbyintroducingasmallpercentageofironoxideintotheglazematchandfiringunderreducingconditionssothattheironisinferrousstate亚铁态.

Aging（陈腐）:

Aprocess,alsoknownassouring,inwhichmoistenedclay,orpreparedbody,isstoredforaperiodtopermitthewatertobecomemoreuniformlydispersed.

filtration滤泥,washing,puggingmullering练泥,aging陈腐wereomitted.Bodybareness（秃釉）andglazeflow（流釉）combinationbetweenbodyandglaze

Scaling（脱釉）seedtime（萌芽期）

Inthisperiod,thesocietywasturbulent（动荡）,truceless（战乱）.

Buddhism[‘budizəm]佛教all-time（有史以来）

exquisite（优美的）.

TheporcelaincapitalJingdezhengrewupinYuanDynasty,anditwasveryfamousforblue-and-whiteporcelain,underglazedredporcelainandeggwhiteporcelain.

jigger辘轳车

wheeljiggering旋坯成型,又称压坯成型,或样板刀成型（templateforming）,是将可塑泥料置于旋坯机上旋转的石膏模具中,泥料受到样板刀剪切和挤压,在模子表面形成坯体的可塑成型方法。

1.4DevelopmentofAdvancedCeramics

bathroomsinks（浴盆）capabilities性能能力andfunctions功能

furnace[‘fə:

nis]n.熔炉,火炉

durability（耐用性）,drainage（排水）

refractory（high-temperature）insulationmaterials（绝热材料）whichservedasfurnacelinings（炉衬）forglass,steel,andotherindustriesdependantonhigh-temperatureprocessingofnewmaterials.

Advancedmaterialsarerecognized（被认为）tobecrucial（至关重要的）tothegrowth,prosperity（繁荣）,andsustained（持续不变的）profit-ability（收益能力）ofanyindustry.

Theresultshowsanespecialneedforlighter,stronger,morecorrosion-resistantmaterialscapableofwithstandinghightemperatures.Ceramicmaterialsaretheleadingcandidatesformeetingtheserequirements.首选材料trillion[‘triljən]（万亿）

Varietiesofceramicmaterials,whichholdremarkablepropertiesabletomeettheneedforhighendapplications（高端应用）,haveappeared.Advancedceramicmaterialsinclude:

oxides,carbides[‘kɑ:

baid]碳化物,nitrides[‘naitraid]氮化物,borides[‘bɔ:

raid]硼化物,silicates[‘silikit]硅酸盐andglassceramicsandcompositematerials-polymer[‘pɔlimə]聚合物（体）matrix[‘meitriks]母体,基质（PMC）聚合物基,metalmatrix（MMC）金属基,ceramicmatrix（CMC）陶瓷基,andcarbon–carbon（CCC）materials.

sialon[‘saiəlɔn]（耐火的）硅铝氧氮聚合材料,ferrites[‘ferait]（正）铁酸盐,铁氧体,titanates[‘taitəneit]钛酸盐（或酯）zirconia[zə:

’kəuniə]

氧化锆

highperformance,ceramicengineparts

Siliconnitrideceramicglowplugs[plʌɡ]塞子,willgiveadiesel[‘di:

zəl]柴油passengercarthesamefast,coldenginestartingactionasagasolineenginecar.

light-duty轻型vehicles[‘vi:

ɪkl]车辆

compressionignition压缩点火albeit[ɔ:

lˈbi:

ɪt]conj.尽管,即使虽然

reliability[ri,laiə’biliti]可靠性

Thefractureoccursbecausethestressesinducedbythethermalgradients[ˈɡreidjənt]温度梯度inthestructureexceedthestrengthofthematerials.

Becauseofthehighhardnessandlowtoughness[‘tʌfnis]ofceramicmaterials,diamondgrindingisoftenthemethodofchoiceinmachiningsuchmaterials.

stiffness刚度high-speedcenterlessgrindingspindle轴

grindability[,ɡraində’biliti]易磨性laser[‘leizə]激光-lightscattering散射anddye-penetratinginspection检验;

surfacequalityandperformanceassessment评估.soughtafter寻求

salesamounting销售额costeffective低成本

Ceramictechnologieshavebeenwidelyusedforaircraftandaerospaceapplications,wear-resistantparts,bioceramics,cuttingtools,advancedoptics,superconductivity,nuclearreactors,etc

Chapter2.Ceramicrawmaterials,processingandproperties

2.1Ceramicsrawmaterials

thecharacter特点andlineage[‘liniidʒ]属性ofthemetallicoxidesandnon-oxides

Processingincludestheformingmethod,thesinteringaidused,thesinteringtemperature,thedurationofsintering保温时间,andthesinteringatmosphere

Eachparticleofthesinteredbodyformsgrainboundaries晶界.

theintegration综合,整体性ofinteractionbetweenthebulkparticleandtheparticleboundaries.

Defects[di’fekt]缺陷,ofamicroscopic[,maikrəs’kɔpik]order,ofporesleftwithintheparticlesandontheparticleboundariesandofdeposition沉积andsegregation分离偏析ofimpuritiesarecharacteristicflaws瑕疵inceramicsandmajorcausesofreductioninreliability.

isolation孤立隔离.Togauge估计评估theireffect

generalissuesconcerningpowdersforceramics陶瓷粉体的通性electricalinsulatingability（电绝缘性能）

characteristicsofpowders粉体特性

Boththematerial’smicroscopiccharacteristicsasparticles－individualparticlesizeanddistribution,andtheirstrength—anditsmacroscopicnatureasaparticulatesubstance—bulkdensity块体密度,compressibility可压缩性,fluidity流动性,volumeofabsorbedliquid液限—areimportantdata.

isodiametric[,aisə,daiə’metrik]等直径的,等轴的

Manyoftheoxideceramicshavestrongionic[ai’ɔnik]离子的bonds.（离子键）

Thebasicrawmaterialusedisbauxite[‘bɔ:

ksait]铝矾土.

seedcrystals晶种rotarykiln回转窑borne-fruit产生效果

Pyrolysis[,pai’rɔlisis]n.高温分解ofammonium[ə’məunjəm]

n.铵alum[ə’lʌm]n.明矾,矾铵明矾热分解法

Hydrolysis[hai’drɔlisis]n.水解oforganic[ɔ:

’ɡæ

nik]aluminum[,æ

lju:

-’minjəm]compounds有机铝盐水解法

Pyrolysisofammoniumdawsonite[‘dɔ:

sɔnait]（片钠铝石）铝铵碳酸盐热分解法

Electricdischargeofaluminuminwater铝的水中放电氧化法

Siliconcarbide（SiC）,anartificialmaterialwithastrongcovalent[kəu’veilənt]共价的bondingstructure共价键结构,

varistors[və’ristə]可变电阻andarrestors[ə’restə]放电器

Siliconcarbidehastwocrystalformsα-SiC,whichbelongstoeitherahexagonal[hek’sæ

gnl]六方orarhombohedral[,rɔmbəu’hi:

drəl]斜方phase,andβ-SiC,whichbelongstoacubicphase.

Theαformisahigh-temperaturestableformwhichisgeneratedinthehigh-temperaturezoneof1800℃to2000℃andabovewhensynthesizedinareactionfurnace.α-SiCexhibitsgoodthermalstability,highheatresistance,andoutstandingcorrosionresistance.

Theβformisalow-temperatureformgeneratedinthelow-temperaturezoneof1500℃to1600℃.Theβformhasalowdegreeofhardnessand,at1800℃to2000℃,itbeginsanirreversible

[,ɪri’və:

səbl]不可逆的transitiontotheαform.

submicrometer[mai’krɔmitə]specificsurfacearea比表面积

Theparticle-sizedistributionismeasuredusingthecentrifugal[sen’trifjuɡəl]离心（力）的sedimentation[,sedimen’teiʃən]

沉淀,沉降离心沉降method.coarserparticles粗颗粒

ThespecificsurfaceareameasuredwiththeBETmethod,is15m2/gandaboveforthefinerpowders.Ingeneralforpowderedmaterials,thefinertheparticlesizeandthelargerth