大学英语六级考试题Word格式文档下载.docx

大学英语六级考试题Word格式文档下载.docx

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Inrecentyears,teamsofworkersdispatchedbyGooglehavebeenworkinghardtomakedigitalcopiesofbooks.Sofar,Googlehasscannedmorethan10milliontitlesfromlibrariesinAmericaandEurope-includinghalfamillionvolumesheldbytheBodleianinOxford.Theexactmethoditusesisunclear;

thecompanydoesnotallowoutsiderstoobservetheprocess.

WhyisGoogleundertakingsuchaventure?

Whyisiteveninterestedinallthoseout-of-printlibrarybooks,mostofwhichhavebeengatheringdustonforgottenshelvesfordecades?

Thecompanyclaimsitsmotivesareessentiallypublic-spirited.Itsoverallmission,afterall,isto"

organizetheworld'

sinformation"

soitwouldbeoddifthatinformationdidnotincludebooks.

Thecompanylikestopresentitselfashavingloftyaspirations."

Thisreallyisn'

taboutmakingmoney.Wearedoingthisforthegoodofsociety."

AsSantiagodelaMora,headofGoogleBooksforEurope,putsit:

"

Bymakingitpossibletosearchthemillionsofbooksthatexisttoday,wehopetoexpandthefrontiersofhumanknowledge."

DanClancy,thechiefarchitectofGoogleBooks,doesseemgenuineinhisconvictionthatthisisprimarilyaphilanthropic（慈善的）exercise."

scorebusinessissearchandfind,soobviouslywhathelpsimproveGoogle'

ssearchengineisgoodforGoogle,"

hesays."

Butwehaveneverbuiltaspreadsheet（电子数据表）outliningthefinancialbenefitsofthis,andIhaveneverhadtojustifytheamountIamspendingtothecompany'

sfounders."

Itiseasy,talkingtoClancyandhiscolleagues,tobesweptalongbytheirmissionarypassion.ButGoogle'

sbook-scanningprojectisprovingcontroversial.Severalopponentshaverecentlyemerged,rangingfromrivaltechgiantssuchasMicrosoftandAmazontosmallbodiesrepresentingauthorsandpublishersacrosstheworld.Inbroadterms,theseopponentshaveleveledtwosetsofcriticismsatGoogle.

First,theyhavequestionedwhethertheprimaryresponsibilityfordigitallyarchivingtheworld'

sbooksshouldbeallowedtofalltoacommercialcompany.InarecentessayintheNewYorkReviewofBooks,RobertDanton,theheadofHarvardUniversity'

slibrary,arguedthatbecausesuchbooksareacommonresource–thepossessionofusall–onlypublic,not-for-profitbodiesshouldbegiventhepowertocontrolthem.

ThesecondrelatedcriticismisthatGoogle'

sscanningofbooksisactuallyillegal.ThisallegationhasledtoGooglebecomingmiredin（陷入）alegalbattlewhosescopeandcomplexitymakestheJaundiceandJaundicecaseinCharlesDickens'

BleakHouselookstraightforward.

Atitscentre,however,isonesimpleissue:

thatofcopyright.Theinconvenientfactaboutmostbooks,towhichGooglehasarguablypaidinsufficientattention,isthattheyareprotectedbycopyright.Copyrightlawsdifferfromcountrytocountry,butingeneralprotectionextendsforthedurationofanauthor'

slifeandforasubstantialperiodafterwards,thusallowingtheauthor'

sheirstobenefit.（InBritainandAmerica,thispost-deathperiodis70years.）Thismeans,ofcourse,thatalmostallofthebookspublishedinthe20thcenturyarestillundercopyright–andthelastcenturysawmorebookspublishedthaninallpreviouscenturiescombined.Oftheroughly40millionbooksinUSlibraries,forexample,anestimated32millionareincopyright.Ofthese,some27millionareoutofprint.

OutsidetheUS,Googlehasmadesureonlytoscanbooksthatareoutofcopyrightandthusinthe"

publicdomain"

（workssuchastheBodleian'

sfirsteditionofMiddlemarch,whichanyonecanreadforfreeonGoogleBooksSearch）.

But,withintheUS,thecompanyhasscannedbothin-copyrightandout-of-copyrightworks.Initsdefense,Googlepointsoutthatitdisplaysonlysmallsegmentsofbooksthatareincopyright–arguingthatsuchdisplaysare"

fairuse"

.Butcriticsallegethatbymakingelectroniccopiesofthesebookswithoutfirstseekingthepermissionofcopyrightholders,Googlehascommittedpiracy.

"

Thekeyprincipleofcopyrightlawhasalwaysbeenthatworkscanbecopiedonlyonceauthorshaveexpresslygiventheirpermission,"

saysPiersBluffed,oftheSheilaLandliteraryagencyinLondon."

Googlehasreversedthis–ithassimplycopiedalltheseworkswithoutbotheringtask."

In2005,theAuthorsGuildofAmerica,togetherwithagroupofUSpublishers,launchedaclassactionsuit（集团诉讼）againstGooglethat,aftermorethantwoyearsofnegotiation,endedwithanannouncementlastOctoberthatGoogleandtheclaimantshadreachedanout-of-courtsettlement.Thefulldetailsarecomplicated-thetextalonerunsto385pages–andtryingtosummarizeitisnoeasytask."

Partoftheproblemisthatitisbasicallyincomprehensible,"

saysBluffed,oneofthesettlement'

smostvocalBritishcritics.

Broadly,thedealprovidesamechanismforGoogletocompensateauthorsandpublisherswhoserightsithasbreached（includinggivingthemashareofanyfuturerevenueitgeneratesfromtheirworks）.Inexchangeforthis,therightsholdersagreenottosueGoogleinfuture.

ThissettlementhandsGooglethepower-butonlywiththeagreementofindividualrightsholders–toexploititsdatabaseofout-of-printbooks.Itcanincludetheminsubscriptiondealssoldtolibrariesorsellthemindividuallyunderaconsumerlicense.Itisthesecommercialprovisionsthatareprovingthesettlement'

smostcontroversialaspect.

Criticspointoutthat,bygivingGoogletherighttocommerciallyexploititsdatabase,thesettlementpavesthewayforasubtleshiftinthecompany'

srolefromproviderofinformationtoseller."

sbusinessmodelhasalwaysbeentoprovideinformationforfree,andselladvertisingonthebasisofthetrafficthisgenerates,"

pointsoutJamesGrimmelman,associateprofessoratNewYorkLawSchool.Now,hesays,becauseofthesettlement'

sprovisions,Googlecouldbecomeasignificantforceinbookselling.

Interestinthisaspectofthesettlementhasfocusedon"

orphan"

works,wherethereisnoknowncopyrightholder–thesemakeupanestimated5-10%ofthebooksGooglehasscanned.Underthesettlement,whennorightsholderscomeforwardandregistertheirinterestinawork,commercialcontrolautomaticallyrevertstoGoogle.Googlewillbeabletodisplayupto20%oforphanworksforfree,includetheminitssubscriptiondealstolibrariesandsellthemtoindividualbuyersundertheconsumerlicense.

Itisbynomeanscertainthatthesettlementwillbeenacted（执行）–itisthesubjectoffairnesshearingintheUScourts.Butifitisenacted,GooglewillineffectbeoffthehookasfarascopyrightviolationsintheUSareconcerned.Manypeopleareseriouslyconcernedbythis-andthecompanyislikelytofacechallengesinothercourtsaroundtheworld.

NooneknowsthepreciseuseGooglewillmakeoftheintellectualpropertyithasgainedbyscanningtheworld'

slibrarybooks,andthetruth,asGerick,anAmericansciencewriterandmemberoftheAuthorsGuild,pointsout,isthatthecompanyprobablydoesn'

tevenknowitself.Butwhatiscertainisthat,insomewayorother,Google'

sentranceintodigitalbooksellingwillhaveasignificantimpactonthebookworldintheyearstocome.

1.Googleclaimsitsplanfortheworld'

sbiggestonlinelibraryis_____.

A）toservetheinterestofthegeneralpublic

B）toencouragereadingaroundtheworld

C）tosaveout-of-printbooksinlibraries

D）topromoteitscorebusinessofsearching

2.AccordingtoSantiagodelaMora,Google'

sbook-scanningprojectwill_____.

A）broadenhumanity'

sintellectualhorizons

B）helpthebroadmassesofreaders

C）revolutionizetheentirebookindustry

D）makefulluseofthepowerofitssearchengine

3.OpponentsofGoogleBooksbelievethatdigitallyarchivingtheworld'

sbooksshouldbecontrolledby_____.

A）non-profitorganizationsC）multinationalcompanies

B）theworld'

sleadinglibrariesD）theworld'

stechgiants

4.Googlehasinvolveditselfinalegalbattleasitignored_____.

A）thecopyrightofauthorsofout-of-printbooks

B）thecopyrightofthebooksitscanned

C）theinterestoftraditionalbooksellers

D）thedifferencesofin-printandout-of-printbooks

5.Googledefendsitsscanningin-copyrightbooksbysayingthat_____.

A）itdisplaysonlyasmallpartoftheircontent

B）itiswillingtocompensatethecopyrightholders

C）makingelectroniccopiesofbooksisnotaviolationofcopyright

D）theonlinedisplayofin-copyrightbooksisnotforcommercialuse

6.WhatdowelearnabouttheclassactionsuitagainstGoogle?

A）ItendedinavictoryfortheAuthorsGuildofAmerica.

B）Itwassettledaftermorethantwoyearsofnegotiation.

C）ItfailedtoprotecttheinterestsofAmericanpublishers.

D）Itcouldleadtomoreout-of-courtsettlementsofsuchdisputes.

7.Whatremainedcontroversialaftertheclassactionsuitended?

A）Thecompensationforcopyrightholders.

B）ThechangeinGoogle'

sbusinessmodel.

C）Google'

sfurtherexploitationofitsdatabase.

D）Thecommercialprovisionsofthesettlement.

8.While_____,Googlemakesmoneybysellingadvertising.

9.Bookswhosecopyrightholdersarenotknownarecalled_____.

10.Google'

sentranc