英美文学选读复习资料 4 维多利亚时期Word格式文档下载.docx
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英美文学选读复习资料 4 维多利亚时期Word格式文档下载.docx
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2.识记:
重要作品及主要内容
3.领会:
重要作家的创作思想,艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想,人物塑造,语言风格,社会意义等。
4.应用:
(1)狄更斯和萨克雷作品的批判现实主义思想及各自的创作手法,艺术特色。
(2)小说《简·
爱》,《呼啸山庄》的主题思想与人物塑造。
(3)"
我逝去的公爵夫?
quot;
中的戏剧独白。
(4)乔泊·
艾略特和哈代小说中环境,氛围描述与人物内世界的展示。
A.IntroductiontotheVictorianPeriod
1.识记
(1)Definition:
theVictorianPeriod
ChronologicallytheVictorianperiodroughlycoincideswiththereignofQueenVictoriawhoruledoverEnglandfrom1836to1901.TheperiodhasbeengenerallyregardedasoneofthemostgloriousintheEnglishhistory.
(2)Political,Economical&
CulturalBackground
TheearlyyearsoftheVictorianEnglandwasatimeofrapideconomicdevelopmentaswellasserioussocialproblems.AftertheReformBillof1832passedthepoliticalpowerfromthedecayingaristocratsintothehandsofthemiddle-classindustrialcapitalists,theIndustrialRevolutionsoongearedup.Towardsthemid-century,Englandhadreacheditshighestpointofdevelopmentasaworldpower.Andyetbeneaththegreatprosperity&
richness,thereexistedwidespreadpoverty&
wretchednessamongtheworkingclass.Theworseningliving&
workingconditions,themassunemployment&
thenewPoorLawof1834withitsworkhousesystemfinallygaverisetotheChartistMovement(1836-1848).
Duringthenexttwentyyears,Englandsettleddowntoatimeofprosperity&
relativestability.Themiddle-classlifeofthetimewascharacterizedbyprosperity,respectability&
materialprogress.
ButthelastthreedecadesofthecenturywitnessedthedeclineoftheBritishEmpire&
thedecayoftheVictorianvalues.
Ideologically,theVictoriansexperiencedfundamentalchanges.Therapiddevelopmentofscience&
technology,newinventions&
discoveriesingeology,astronomy,biology&
anthropologydrasticallyshookpeople'
sreligiousconvictions.Darwin'
sTheOriginofSpecies(1859)&
TheDescentofMan(1871)shookthetheoreticalbasisofthetraditionalfaith.Ontheotherhand,Utilitarianismwaswidelyaccepted&
practiced.Almosteverythingwasputtothetestbythecriterionofutility,thatis,theextenttowhichitcouldpromotethematerialhappiness.
2.领会
(1)FeaturesoftheVictorianLiterature
Victorianliterature,asaproductofitsage,naturallytookonitsqualityofmagnitude&
diversity.Itwasmany-sided&
complex,&
reflectedbothromantically&
realisticallythegreatchangesthatweregoingoninpeople'
slife&
thought.Greatwriters&
greatworksabounded.
(2)FeaturesofVictoriannovels
Inthisperiod,thenovelbecamethemostwidelyread&
themostvital&
challengingexpressionofprogressivethought.Whilestickingtotheprincipleoffaithfulrepresentationofthe18th-centuryrealistnovel,novelistsinthisperiodcarriedtheirdutyforwardtothecriticismofthesociety&
thedefenseofthemass.Althoughwritingfromdifferentpointsofview&
withdifferenttechniques,theysharedonethingincommon,thatis,theywereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeople.Theywereangryattheinhumansocialinstitutions,thedecayingsocialmoralityasrepresentedbythemoney-worship&
Utilitarianism&
thewidespreadmisery,poverty&
injustice.Theirtruthfuldepictionofpeople'
bitter&
strongcriticismofthesocietyhaddonemuchinawakeningthepublicconsciousnesstothesocialproblems&
intheactualimprovementofthesociety.
Victorianliterature,ingeneral,truthfullyrepresentsthereality&
spiritoftheage.Thehigh-spiritedvitality,thedown-to-earthearnestness,thegood-naturedhumor&
unboundedimaginationareallunprecedented.Inalmosteverygenreitpavedthewayforthecomingcentury,whereitsspirits,values&
experimentsaretowitnesstheirbumperharvest.
3.应用Definitionsofseveralterms
1)TheChartistMovement(1836-1848)
TheEnglishworkersgotthemselvesorganizedinbigcities&
broughtforththePeople'
scharter,inwhichtheydemandedbasicrights&
betterliving&
workingconditions.They,forthreetimes,madeappealstothegovernment,withhundredsofthousandsofpeople'
ssignatures.Themovementsweptovermostofthecitiesinthecountry.Althoughthemovementdeclinedtoanendin1848,itdidbringsomeimprovementtothewelfareoftheworkingclass.ThiswasthefirstmassmovementoftheEnglishworkingclass&
theearlysignoftheawakeningofthepoor,oppressedpeople.
2)Utilitarianism
Almosteverythingwasputtothetestbythecriterionofutility,thatis,theextenttowhichitcouldpromotethematerialhappiness.Thistheoryheldaspecialappealtothemiddle-classindustrialists,whosegreeddrovethemtoexploitingworkerstotheutmost&
broughtgreatersuffering&
povertytotheworkingmass.
3)CriticalRealism
TheVictorianAgeisanageofrealismratherthanofromanticism-arealismwhichstrivestotellthewholetruthshowingmoral&
physicaldiseasesastheyare.Tobetruetolifebecomesthefirstrequirementforliterarywriting.Asthemirroroftruth,literaturehascomeveryclosetodailylife,reflectingitspracticalproblems&
interests&
isusedasapowerfulinstrumentofhumanprogress.
4)DramaticMonologue
Bydramaticmonologue,itismeantthatapoetchoosesadramaticmomentoracrisis,inwhichhischaractersaremadetotalkabouttheirlives,&
abouttheirminds&
hearts.In"
listening"
tothoseone-sidedtalks,readerscanformtheirownopinions&
judgmentsaboutthespeaker'
spersonality&
aboutwhathasreallyhappened.RobertBrowningbroughtthispoeticformtoitsmaturity&
perfection&
his"
MyLastDuchess"
isoneofthebest-knowndramaticmonologues.
>
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B.VictorianWriters
I.
CharlesDickens
1.一般识记HisLife&
LiteraryCareer
CharlesDickens(1812-1870)wasbornatPortsmouth.Hisfather,apoorclerkintheNavyPayoffice,wasputintotheMarsalseaPrisonfordebtwhenyoungCharleswasonly12yearsold.Thesonhadtogiveupschoolingtoworkinanundergroundcellaratashoe-blackingfactory-apositionheconsideredmosthumiliating.WefindthebitterexperiencesofthatsufferingchildreflectedinmanyofDickens'
snovels.In1827,Charlesenteredalawyer'
soffice,&
twoyearslaterhebecameaParliamentaryreporterfornewspapers.From1833DickensbegantowriteoccasionalsketchesofLondonlife,whichwerelatercollected&
publishedunderthetitleSketchesbyBoz(1836).SoonThePosthumousPapersofthePickwickClub(1836-1837)appearedinmonthlyinstallments.Andsincethen,hislifebecameoneofendlesshardwork.Inhislateryears,hegavehimselftopublicreadingsofhisworks,whichbroughtplaudits&
comfortbutalsoexhaustedhim.In1870,thismanofgreatheart&
vitalitydiedofoverwork,leavinghislastnovelunfinished.
2.识记HisMajorWorks
Uponhisdeath,Dickenslefttotheworldarichlegacyof15novels&
anumberofshortstories.Theyofferamostcomplete&
realisticpictureofEnglishsocietyofhisage&
remainthehighestachievementinthe19th-centuryEnglishnovel.Innearlyallhisnovels,behindthegloomypicturesofoppression&
poverty,behindtheloudhumor&
buffoonery,ishisgentleness,hisgenialmirth,&
hissimplefaithinmankind.
Thefollowingisalistofhisnovels&
othercollectionsinthreeperiods:
(1)Periodofyouthfuloptimist
SketchesbyBoz(1836);
ThePosthumousPapersofthePickwickClub(1836-1837);
OliverTwist(1837-1838);
NicholasNickleby(1838-1839);
TheOldCuriosityShop(1840-1841);
BarnabyRudge(1841)
(2)Periodofexcitement&
irritation
AmericanNotes(1842);
MartinChuzzlewit(1843-1845);
AChristmasCarol(1843);
Dombey&
Son(1846-1848);
DavidCopperfield(1849-1850)
(3)Periodofsteadilyintensifyingpessimism
BleakHouse(1852-1853);
HardTimes(1854);
LittleDorrit(1855-1857);
ATaleofTwoCities(1859);
GreatExpectations(1860-1861);
OurMutualFriend(1864-1865);
EdwinDrood(unfinished)(1870)
3.领会DistinctFeaturesofHisNovels
(1)CharacterSketches&
Exaggeration
Inhisnovelsarefoundabout19hundredfigures,someofwhomarereallysuch"
typicalcharactersundertypicalcircumstances,"
thattheybecomeproverbialorrepresentativeofawholegroupofsimilarpersons.
Asamasterofcharacterization,Dickenswasskillfulindrawingvividcaricaturalsketchesbyexaggeratingsomepeculiarities,&
ingivingthemexactlytheactions&
wordsthatfitthem:
thatis,rightwords&
rightactionsfortherightperson.
(2)BroadHumor&
PenetratingSatire
Dickensiswellknownasahumoristaswellasasatirist.Hesometimesemployshumortoenlivenasceneorlightenacharacterbymakingit(himorher)eccentric,whimsical,orlaughable.Sometimesheusessatiretoridiculehumanfolliesorvices,withthepurposeoflaughingthemoutofexistenceorbringaboutreform.
(3)Complicated&
FascinatingPlot
Dickensseemstolovecomplicatednovelconstructionswithminorplotsbesidethemajorone,ortwoparallelmajorplotswithinonenovel.Heisalsoskillfulatcreatingsuspense&
mysterytomakethestoryfascinating.
(4)ThePowerofExposure
AsthegreatestrepresentativeofEnglishcriticalrealism,Dickensmadehisnoveltheinstrumentofmorality&
justice.Eachofhisnovelsrevealsaspecificsocialproblem.
4.领会HisLiteraryCreation&
LiteraryAchievements
CharlesDickensisoneofthegreatestcriticalrealisticwritersoftheVictorianAge.Itishisseriousintentiontoexpose&
criti
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