Unité dhabitationWord文档下载推荐.docx
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Unité dhabitationWord文档下载推荐.docx
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TheUnité
d’Habitation
LeCorbusier’sinventions,suchasMaisonDom-InoandMaisonCitrohan,combinednumerousconceptswithinafascinatingnetworkthatinvolveddifferentlevelsanddomains.Conceptswerecarefullytranslatedintoarchitecturalelementsandvice-versa,oftenevolvinga(re)combinationwithothers,suchastheelementsthatcomposethe“fivepointsformodernarchitecture”ortheelementsofhis“architecturalpromenade”.LeCorbusierhadaverypeculiarwayoflookingattheobjectofdesign:
ontheonehandheproceededfromextremelygeneralconceptstryingtoprovidesolutionsfortheprimaryneedsoflodging,work,cultivationofbodyandmind,andtraffic;
ontheotherhand,heclaimedtohaveproceededfromtheconceptofthekitchenasamodernhearth,fromwhichtherestfollowednaturally.This“naturally”developeddesignusedthetechniqueofdefamiliarizationovertheyearsusingsyncretismandmetastatementstocometohismaterial.
Proceedingfromtheearlierexamplesoftransferencesoftheprecedentfeatures,thissectionwillpresentaspectsofapossible“ontogeny”oftheUnité
d’HabitationofMarseilles.
TheGrandPlanortheOntogenyoftheUnité
LeCorbusierclaimedthattheUnité
d’Habitationwastheresultof“40yearsgestation”.Wesuggestthatthis“gestation”wasnotaquestionofdevelopment(ontogeny)butoflineage(phylogeny).ThecreationoftheUnité
seemstohavebeentheresultoftheuseandmodificationofspecificelements,ofteninsmallchainsoflinkagesovertheyearssuchasthe“fivepointsforamodernarchitecture”,orLeCorbusier’sbottle,binandbottlerack(linkedfeatures).
LeCorbusier’staskwastoprovideahousingschemeforworkersinthebadeconomicsituationaftertheSecondWorldWarinFrance.Hissolutiongrouped330unitstohouseacommunityofroughly1600inhabitantsinan18-storeybuildingprovidingextensiveservicestothecommunity.Thiswasauniqueopportunitytoputallhisideasconcerningmulti-familyhousingschemesintopractice.HehadalreadydevelopedtheMaisonDom-Ino,theMaisonCitrohanandtheImmeublesVillageaswellasconceptsatcityplanninglevelsuchastheconceptofthe“verticalgardencity”.TheUnité
d’HabitationfortheworkersofMarseilleswastheresultofallthesestudies.IndesigningtheUnité
hehadcertainlyrecalledmanyofthoseconcepts;
someofageneralorder(light,sun,greenery)butalsoothersthatcouldbemorestraightforwardlytranslatedintoarchitecturalelements(thepiloti,theroofgarden,thefreefaç
ades,andsoforth).
Infact,manypartsofthisbuildingblockwerealreadydevelopedindetailthroughexperimentsinotherdesigns.However,beforehecouldusetheseprecedentfeatures,heneededtohaveanoverallframework.LeCorbusierhadtoassembletherightfeaturesintoawholetomatchthenewdesiredconfiguration.Inhisworldfullofmetaphors,hethenplacedbottles(dwellings)intothebins(neutralizingwalls)andthebinsintothebottlerack(structuralframework);
acollectiveroofgardenontopofthestructurewithactivitiesforallinhabitants,andapilotifreeingthewholeblockfromthehumidground,providingthewholecommunitywithparks,schoolsandotherextensionsofthehomeandfreeingthelandscape/horizonofobstaclesatgroundlevel.
Itwasnotonlyaquestionofassemblingtheexistentelements,i.e.recallingthemandputtingthemtogether.Theyneededtobeadaptedtothenewconstraintsandavailabletechnology.Duetotheseconstraintsandpossibilities,“mutations”occurred.
Theroofgarden,thebottlerackandpilotigavetheprimaryorgeneralstructureoftheUnité
(Figure1).ThisprimaryframeworkenabledLeCorbusiertousemanyofhisprecedents,someofthemwithfurther“mutations”.
Somefeatureschangedtheirphysicalexpression,i.e.theirpatternorstructuralconfigurationchangedas,forexample,theslenderpilotiofthehousesofthe1920schangedintothegargantuanpilotioftheUnité
.Otherfeatureschangedfromdomainlevel,meaningthattheresultantelementacquiredusesdifferenttotheoriginalone.Forexample,theroofgardenwasoriginallyafamilygarden,butitchangedintoacommunitygardenafteritsrecombinationwiththedeckoftheoceanliner(aprecedentofalaterdatethanthevernacularhousesofIstanbul).Itbecamethesquare,theclub,andthegymnasiumofthebuildingblockcommunity.Inotherwords,someofthelinked“fivepointsofamodernarchitecture”from1927wereusedina“mutated”form.Theinitiallinkagewasbroken;
somefeatures“mutated”,andwererecombinedandre-usedintheUnité
.Thisisalsotheactofdefamiliarization.
Thefreefaç
adeconceptsalsochangedtheirdomainlevel:
fromtheprivate(thedwelling)tothecollective(thebuilding).Thefreefaç
adeconceptwasinitiallytriedoutatthelevelofa(Citrohan)houseaswellasattheleveloftheapartmentunitofhistheoreticalmulti-familybuilding,andthentoafreefaç
adeatthelevelofthebuildingblock,wherethefaç
adesoftheapartmentunitsarestandardanditsfreedomresidesinthecombinationofthepartstomakethewhole.
Throughourobservation,wemaysaythatLeCorbusiermadeampleuseofthetechniqueofdefamiliarization,buthispurposewastoprovideanewlifestyle.Thefragmentsofthepastwere“collected”allovertheworld,fromthesavagehut,thevernacularhousesofIstanbul,totheoceanliner;
butalsofromthingsthatpeopledonotquiterelatetoadwelling,suchasthebottleandthebottlerack.
WehaveshownthatLeCorbusierusedtheprocessofdefamiliarizationinsuchawaythatonecouldspeakofalineageorphylogenyofprecedentswhichwerecontinuouslychangingandrecombining.
Wehavealsoshownthatinthedevelopmentofaspecificproject,theUnité
d’HabitationofMarseille,thatLeCorbusiertookhisfivepointsforamodernarchitectureoutofitslinkage,mutatedsomeofthemandafterwardsrecombinedit.Inaformofsyncretismheusedabottlerack,theroofgardenandthepilotitoprovideanoverallframe.Heinventedanewtype,abuildingtofulfillhisutopianviewofanewlifestyleformodernman.Inotherwords,hewasinaprocessofcreatinganewidentityandhisprecedentswerenotbasedonmaterialcollectedintheregionbutfromallovertheworld.
Fig.1:
Citrohanhousevs.theunité
d’habitation,decomposingandrecombiningthe5pointsforamodernarchitecture
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LeCorbusier
Notedu13janvier1960
Charles-EdouardJeanneret,architecteencoredé
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é
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es).
Conclusion:
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Avecmonamitié
etmagratitude.
habitation,Marseille,France,1945
AdressedeLeCorbusierà
M.Claudius-PetitMinistredelaReconstructionetdel'
Urbanisme,à
laremisedel'
HabitationdeMarseillele14octobre1952:
MonsieurleMinistre,
J'
ail'
honneur,j'
ailajoie,j'
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