职场英语11Word文档格式.docx
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职场英语11Word文档格式.docx
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WhatisaGoodJob?
Agoodjobhasthefollowingcharacteristics:
Youenjoyit.
Itpayswell.
Thepaymentmodelmatchesyourpersonality.
Itgivesyoutheopportunitytolearnandgrow.
Ithasadvancementpotential.
Alloftheseelementsareimportant.Thefirstone,however,isthemostimportant.Youaregoingtobeworking8to10hoursadayfortherestofyourlife.Youmightaswellenjoyit.The“payswell”partisalsonicebutmightbeirrelevantifyouaretrulyhappyinyourjob.Givenachoicebetween“trulyhappy”and“rich”,mostpeoplewouldchoose“trulyhappy”inaninstant.Whatfunisittoberichifyouaremiserable?
WhatisCareer?
Careeristhepursuitofalifelongambitionorthegeneralcourseofprogressiontowardslifelonggoals,alifetimejourneyofbuildingandmakinggooduseofyourskills,knowledgeandexperiences.
CareerConcept
Theconceptofcareerhasmanymeanings.AsimpledefinitiongivenbyGreenhaus(1987)describescareerasthepatternofwork-relatedexperiencesandactivitiesoverthespanoftheperson’sworklife.Thisdefinitionemphasizesthatcareerconceptdoesnotimplysuccessorfailure,butthefactthatcareerconsistsofbothattitudesandbehavioranditasanongoingsequenceofwork-relatedactivities.However,itisstillthefactthatnonliferoleandlifeofworkersinfluencestheircareersconsiderably.Forinstance,quitedifferentattitudescanbeobservedbetweenamidcareermanagerandamanagernearingretirement.Recentlywitnessesnewtrendofchangingintheconceptofcareer.Agrowingnumberofpeopleinmanagerialandprofessionalcareersemphasizelessonadvancement,continualsuccessandincreasingsalarywhilepersonalissuessuchasfamilyneedsandspendingtimeoffthejobaremorecommonconsiderations(Ivancevich,2007).
Whatitthedifferencebetween“job”and“career”?
CareerStages
Studiesofcareerstageshavefoundthatneedandexpectationschangeastheindividualmovesthroughthestagewhichconsistsofapprenticeshipphase,advancementphase,maintenancephaseandstrategicthinkingphase.Inmostofcases,workingpeopleundergosomeoccupation-relatededucationandtakeafirstjob;
theywillmovetootherjobsinthesameorganizationorchoosetoacceptjobsinotherorganizations;
theysettleintoapositionoverthecareercourseuntiltheyretire.Althoughthedurationofeachstagevariesamongindividuals,majorityofworkersfinishallthesestages.Itisalsoevidentthatindividualspassthroughdifferentstagesduringtheircareerandtheirneedsandmotivesaredifferentascareerstagechanges(Bolles,2005).Thenextsectionwilloutlinethedifferentstageofacareerwithestimatedmotivesandneeds.
StageI
Afterdeterminationofcareerchoice,youngprofessionalsenteranorganizationwithtechnicalknowledgeandskillsbutoftenwithoutanunderstandingoftheorganizationaldemandsandexpectations.Therefore,theymustworkfairlycloselywithmoreexperiencedworkersintheorganization,andthisrelationshipbetweennewentersandtheirsupervisorsthenreferstoanapprenticeship,oranestablishmentphaseincareer.Theexpectedactivitiesinthisstageincludeshowingcompetence,learningandfollowingdirections,andmostimportantly,theymustbecapabletoacceptthepsychologicalstateofdependence.
StageII
Intheadvancementphase,theprofessionalemployee’sprimaryactivityistobeanindependentcontributorofideasinhisareaandisexpectedtorelymuchlessondirectionfromothersinthestageI.relatively,careermotivationsinthisstagechangetoachievement,esteem,andautonomyintheneedhierarchy.
StageIII
ProfessionalsthatpasstheadvancementphraseareexpectedtobecomethementorsofthoseinStageIandbuildupamentoringrelationshipwithajunioremployee.Trainingandinteractionwithothersarethecentralworkofemployeesinthismaintenancestage.Inthisstage,peoplederiveesteem,self-actualizationfromseeingotherpeoplemoveontobetterjobs,otherwise,individualshavetoshiftbacktostage.
StageIV
NotallprofessionalsexperiencestageIV,inwhichprofessionalsdirecttheirattentiontolong-rangestrategicplanning.PracticeleadershipisnecessaryforStageIVprofessionalsandtheymustlearnhowtoinfluence.
12.1.2CareerPlanning
CareerPlanning
Careerplanningdoesnotnecessarilyfollowroutineorlogicalsteps.Eachofusplacesweightondifferentfactorsandmayconsidercertainphasesofcareerplanningatdifferenttimes.Careerplanningincludesgatheringinformationaboutourselvesandaboutoccupations,estimatingtheprobableoutcomesofvariouscoursesofaction,andfinally,choosingalternativesthatwefindattractiveandfeasible.
Manyobservershavepointedoutthatstudentsarenotveryefficientcareerplanners.Theyciteevidencethat
(1)moststudentschoosefromamongaverynarrowgroupofoccupations;
(2)asmanyas40to60percentchooseprofessionaloccupations,wheninrealityonly15to18percentoftheworkforcesisengagedinprofessionalwork;
(3)youngmenshowastrikinglackofinterestinclerical,sales,andserviceoccupations,althoughthesefieldsoffermanyjobopportunities;
and(4)asmanyasathirdofthestudentsareunabletoexpressanychoiceofoccupation.
Asecondflawinthewaypeoplecopewithdecisionsisdefensiveavoidance.Whenconfrontedwithadecisionandunabletobelievetheycanfindanacceptablesolution,somepeopleremaincalmbyresortingtowishfulthinkingordaydreaming.Studentswhofailtothinkabouttheimplicationsoftheircareerchoicesoftenengageinrationalization(deceivingoneselfwithself-satisfyingbutincorrectexplanationsforone’sbehavior)orprocrastination(puttingoffordelaying).Facingthesituationmayproduceanxiety,butexaminingalternativescouldalsobringrelief.
Athirdflawishypervigilance.Thisoccursincareerdecisionmakingwhenpeoplebelievethereisnotenoughtimetofindasolutionandtheypanic.Theysearchfranticallyforcareerpossibilitiesandseizeonhastilyinventedsolutions,overlookingtheconsequencesoftheirchoiceaswellasotheralternatives.Peoplewhoareinapanicsometimesdonotthinkclearlyorlogically.
Thebestcopingbehaviorisvigilance.Vigilantdecisionmakingoccurswhenpeoplebelievethat
(1)achoiceshouldbemade;
(2)theycanfindasolution,and(3)thereisenoughtime.Undertheseconditions,studentscanconductaneffectivesearchforalternativecareers,carefullyevaluateeachalternative,andworkoutcontingencyplansincaseoneoranotherriskappears.
Followingarethekeystocareerplanning.
1.Studyyourself.Thisisthekeytocareerplanning.Understandingwhatyouarelike,whatyouvalue,andwhatyouwanttobecomeisthefoundationforallcareerplanning.Instudyingyourself,youexamineyourstrengthsandweaknesses,yourgoals,andthetrendsinyourpersonaldevelopment.Theself-understandingthatyougainenablesyoutoimaginehowcertainoccupationsmaybestfityourpersonality,interests,abilities,andgoals.Allcareerdecisionsrequireustolearnbothaboutourselvesandaboutwork,andtointegratethesetwokindsofknowledge.
2.Writeyourcareergoalsdown.Atechniqueusefulfororganizingideasaboutyourcareerdevelopmentisactuallytowritethemdownbytimeblocksinyourlife.Writingsomethingdownforcesyoutocrystallizeyourthinkingandtorecognizeunclearandhalf-formedideas.Itmayleadtonewinsightsaboutyourpossibilitiesandmayhelpyoutoseenewrelationships,patterns,andtrends,ortoidentifygapsinyourthinkingaboutyourcareerdevelopment.
3.Reviewyourplansandprogressperiodicallywithanotherperson.Everysooften,takestockofyoursituationandconsiderwhatstepshavetobetakennext.Takinginventoryofprogressandplanningfurtherstepscanhelpyoucopewiththechangesthatyouundergoandthechangesthattakeplaceinthelabormarket.Talkingoveryourplanswithacollegecounselor,yourparents,andyourfriendshelpsyoudefineyourgoalsandimproveyourcareerplansormakethemwork.
4.Ifyouchooseacareerthatdoesnotfityou,youcanstartover.Today,growingnumbersofmenandwomenarechangingcareersorgettingsecondstartsincareersthathavegreaterappealtothem.Manyofthosewhofindthattheirlineofworkisunsatisfactoryretrainthemselvesforadifferentoccupation.Oftentheirnewoccupationisonethattheyoverlookedwhentheywereyoungorthattheydidnothaveanopportunitytopursueatthattimeforfinancialorotherreasons.
Sociologistssaythattherearefewchangesincareersthatinvolve“downward”movement;
mostinvolvethetraditionalbusinessof“gettingahead”.Societynolongerattachesthestigmaof“instability”totheideaofcareerhopping,asitoncedid.
Jobchangesandcareershiftsoccuratallages.Ithasbeenestimatedthatasmanyasoneoutoffourmaleworkersbetweentheagesoftwentyandtwenty-fivechangetheirlinesofwork.Abouthalfthatnumberdosobetweentheagesoftwenty-fiveandforty-four.
Careerplanningdoesnotguaranteethatalltheproblems,difficulties,ordecision-makingsituationsthatfaceyouinthefuturewillbesolvedormadeanyeasier.Noformulacanbegiventodothat.Butcareerplanningshouldhelpyoutoapproachandcopebetterwithnewproblems,suchasdecidingwhetherornottoentereducationalortrainingprograms,decidingwhetherornottochangejobs,andanalyzingthedifficultiesyouarehavingwithasituationoraperson.
Nobodycanforeseewhatthefutureholdsforanyofus.Therearesocial,emotional,andm
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