TWENTY STEPS TO WRITING A RESEARCH ARTICLE SCI写作的二十要点Word格式文档下载.docx
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TWENTY STEPS TO WRITING A RESEARCH ARTICLE SCI写作的二十要点Word格式文档下载.docx
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Whendesigningaresearchproject,werecommendpreparinganinitiallistandorderof
authors.Suchalistauthorsshouldbebasedonestablishedguidelines2andshouldmakeexplicittheestimatedcontributionofeachindividualtotheproject.
Alistofauthorswillensurethatallindividualstobeinvolvedintheprojectunderstandattheoutsetwhetherornottheycanexpecttobeanauthorand,ifso,whotheircontributionistobe.Itshouldbeviewedasatentativelist,asthefinalversionshouldreflectactualcontributionstothework.(Also,theremayalsobemorethanonelistasitmightbeanticipatedthatmorethanonepaperwillderivefromagivenproject.)
2.Startwritingbeforetheexperimentalarecomplete
Startingwritingwhileyouarestilldoingtheexperiments.Writingoftenevokesnew
ideas:
youmayrealizethatthereareadditionalexperimentstorunoradditionalcontrolsthatyouneedtoadd.Ifyouwaituntilyouaredoneinthelab,havedismantledtheequipment,andpossiblymovedontoanotherposition,youwillnothavetheopportunitytotesttheseideas.
3.Decideitistimetopublish
Itistimetopublishwhenyourfindingsrepresentacompletestory(oratleastacomplete
chapter),onethatwillmakeasignificantcontributiontothescientificliterature.Simplycollectingagivenamountofdataisnotadequate.1OurlisthasbeenmodifiedandexpandedfromalistprovidedbytheCouncilofBiologicalEditors(1968).
2Werecommendthateveryresearchgroupestablishandmakeknowntoitsmembersthecriteriathatwillbeforauthorshiponpapersresultingfromtheworktobeconducted.Insodoing,thegroupmaywishtomakeuseofexistingguidelines.(SeeouressayonComponentsofaResearchArticle.)
4.Draftatitle&
amp;
abstract
Draftingaworkingtitleandanabstracthelpsdefinethecontentsofthepaper,identifying
whichexperimentsyouwillpublishinthispaper,andwhichstudiesyouwillsaveforinclusioninanotherpaper.(SeeourComponentofaResearchArticleonthepreparationofthesetwoitems.)
*5.(Re)examinethelistofauthors
Whenyouhavenowdeterminedwhichexperimentswillbeincludedinthispaperyou
mustselecttheauthorsandtheorderinwhichtheywillappear.Ifyouhavefollowedouradvicetothispoint,youalreadyhavesuchalist.Reevaluateitbasedonthecontributionsthatweremadetothoseexperimentsandtheadditionalcontributionsthatwillbemadethroughthepreparationofthemanuscript.Ifalistalreadyexists,makeadjustmentsshouldbemadetoensurecompliancewithyourguidelines2.Ofcourse,anychangesshouldbedonewithcautionandtact.
6.Determinethebasicformat
Therearethreebasicformatsforpeer-reviewedresearcharticles:
Full-lengthresearcharticles:
Thesearticlescontainacomprehensive
investigationofthesubjectmatterandareviewedasthestandardformat.Ituses
the“IMRAD”format–Introduction,Methods,Results,andDiscussion.(Seeour
“ComponentsofaResearchArticle.”)
Short(orbrief)communications:
Whilenotascomprehensiveinscopeasfull-
lengthresearcharticles,thesepapersalsomakeasignificantcontributiontothe
literature.Theirlengthwillbesetbythejournalbutisusually3500wordsorless
andwillcontainupto1-2tablesandfigures.Unlikefullpapers,methods,results,
anddiscussionsmaybecombinedintoasinglesection.
Rapidcommunications:
Thesearticlesquicklydisseminateparticularly“hot”
findings,usuallyinabriefcommunicationformat.Articlesthathaveimmediate
implicationsforpublichealthwouldbeappropriateforsuchaformat,asmight
findingsinahighlycompetitiveandquicklymovingfield.
7.Selectthejournal
Thereareseveralfactorstoconsiderwhenchoosingajournal.Itisunlikelythatone
journalwillhaveallofthefeaturesyouarelookingfor,soyoumayhavetocompromise.However,thereisoneessentialfeaturethatyoushouldnotcompromiseon–manuscriptsmustbepeerreviewedforpublicationiftheyaretobeconsideredresearcharticles.
Language:
Englishhasbecomethedominantformforinternationalscientific
communication.Thus,ifyouareinterestedincommunicatingyourresultswidely
totheinternationalscientificcommunity,thenitisessentialtopublishinEnglish.
If,ontheotherhand,youwishtocommunicatetoamorelocalizedcommunity
(e.g.,physiciansinaparticulargeographicalarea),youmightchoseajournalthat
permitsanotherlanguage.
Focus:
Whattypeofresearchdoesthejournalpublish?
Isitsfocusbroador
narrow?
Whichdisciplinesarerepresented?
Whatisthejournal’sorientation–for
example,isitclinicalorbasic,theoreticalorapplied?
Indexing:
Isthejournalindexedinthemajorelectronicdatabasessuchas
Medline,BiologicalAbstracts,ChemicalAbstracts,orCurrentContents?
Availability:
Isthejournalbroadlyavailable?
Isthereanonlineversionofthe
journal?
Arepapersprovidedinpdfformat?
Reputation:
Althoughitcanberathersubjective,thereareseveralwaystogauge
thereputationofajournal.Askcolleagueswhichjournalstheyrespect.Lookat
recentarticlesandjudgetheirimportance.CheckthemembersoftheEditorial
Boardanddetermineiftheyareleadersintheirfields.Determinethejournal’s
impactfactor3Trytofindouttheacceptancerateofthejournal.
Format:
Doliketheappearanceofpublishedarticles–theformat,typeface,and
styleusedincitingreferences?
Ifrelevant,doesthejournalpublishshortand/or
rapidcommunications?
Figures:
Dofigurespublishedinthejournalhavetheresolutionthatyouneed?
TimetoPrint:
Usingthe“datesubmitted”anda“dateaccepted”thatare
publishedonthearticle,alongwiththedateoftheissue,youcanestimatethe
lengthofthereviewprocessaswellasthetimefromacceptancetopublicationin
print.
Charges:
Somejournalsbilltheauthorforpagecharges,acostperfinalprinted
page.Mostjournalshaveaseparatechargeforcolorplates.Thismaybeasmuch
as$1000percolorplate.Manyjournalswillwaivepagechargesifthispresentsa
financialhardshipfortheauthor;
colorplatechargesarelessreadilywaivedand
wouldatleastrequireevidencethatthecolorisessentialtothepresentationofthe
data(e.g.,toshowadouble-labeledcell).3Impactfactorisanannualmeasureoftheextenttowhicharticlesinagivenjournalarecited.Howselectiveisthejournalinacceptingpapersforpublication?
Notehowever,theseratingscanbeartificiallyinflatedinjournalsthatpublishreviewarticles,whichtendtobecitedmorethanresearcharticles.See)
Onceyoudecideonajournal,obtainandreadthatjournal’sInstructionstoAuthors.Thisdocumentdescribestheformatforyourarticleandprovidesinformationonhowtosubmityourmanuscript.Youcanusuallyobtainacopyofthejournals’InstructionstoAuthorsontheirwebsiteorinthefirstissueofanewvolume.
8.Stockthesectionsofyourpaper
Asyouthinkaboutyourpaper,storerelevantmaterialinfoldersmarkedIntroduction,
Methods,Results,andDiscussion.Thiswillsavetimeandavoidfrustrationwhenthewritingbegins.Storeditemsmightincludefigures,references,andideas.
*9.Constructthetables,figures,andlegends
Yes,figuresandtablesbeforethewritingbegins!
Theentirepapershouldbeorganizedaroundthedatayouwillpresent.Bypreparingthetables,figures(andtheirlegendsandappropriatestatisticalanalyses),youwillbecertainofyourresultsbeforeyouworrytoomuchabouttheirinterpretation.Youalsomaybeabletodetermineifyouhaveallthedatayouneed.Note:
Exceptunderunusualcircumstance,youmaynotincludeanydatathatyourhavealreadypublished.(SeeComponentsofaResearchPaper.)
*10.Outlinethepaper
Anoutlineislikearoadmap.Anoutlinedetailshowyouwillgetfromheretothere,and
helpsensurethatyoutakethemostdirectandlogicalroute.Donotstartwritingwithoutit!
Ifyouhaveco-authors,youmaywishtogetfeedbackfromthembeforeyouproceedtotheactualwritingphase.Andifyouhave“stocked”yoursections(Step8),thosefilesshouldbeusefulhereandinthewritingthatfollows.
*11.Writethefirstdraft
Writethefirstdraftoftheentiremanuscript.4ComponentsofaResearchArticlediscusseswhatgoesintoeachsectionofthemanuscript.ForamoreextensivepresentationofthisandmanyotheraspectsofpreparingapaperseeDay(1998).Atthispoint,donotworryaboutitbeingintelligible.Thatcomeslater
SomepeoplerecommendthatyoubeginyourwritingwiththeIntroductionandcontinuethroughinordereachsectionofthepaper.Thiscanhelpensureflow.However,otherssuggestthatyoustartwhereveryouwish–anythingtogetridofthatblankscreenorpieceofpaper.Whateveryourapproach,heedtheadviceofCharlesSides(1991):
“Ifyoutrytowriteandeditatthesametime,youwilldoneitherwell.”Andbecauseediting4Ifyouarewritingwithcoauthors,youmaywishtoassigndifferentaspectsofthemanuscripttodifferentauthors.Thiscansavetime,allowmoreindividualsfeelsthataremakingsubstantivecontributionstothewritingproces
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