1I word教案Word下载.docx
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1I word教案Word下载.docx
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ItisgenerallyagreedthatGothicarchitecturemadeitsinitialappearance(c.1140)intheÎ
le-de-France,theroyaldomainoftheCapetiankings.However,theinceptionofthestyleowesmuchtoseveralgenerationsofpriorexperimentation,particularlyinNormandy(seeNormanarchitecture).AlthoughindividualcomponentsinGothicarchitecture,suchasribbedvaultingandthepointedarch,hadbeenemployedinRomanesqueconstruction,theyhadnotpreviouslyreceivedsuchapurposefulandconsistentapplication.WhilethestructuralvalueoftheGothicribhasbeencontested,itsformalsignificancecannotbeoverestimated.Itservedabovealltodelineatethevaultswithaskeletalwebthatgavetotheentirestructureanarticulationofimpressiveclarity.
UnlikeRomanesquearchitecture,withitsstressonheavymassesandclearlydelimitedareas,Gothicconstruction,particularlyinitslaterphase,ischaracterizedbylightnessandsoaringspaces.TheoveralleffectoftheGothiccathedralcombinedthislightnesswithaninnumerablesubdivisionandmultiplicityofforms.Theintroduction(c.1180)ofasystemofflyingbuttresses(seebuttress)madepossiblethereductionofwallsurfacesbyrelievingthemofpartoftheirstructuralfunction.Greatwindowscouldbesetintowalls,admittinglightthroughvastexpansesofstainedglass.WallsurfacesofHighGothicchurchesthushavetheappearanceoftransparentandweightlesscurtains.ThespiritualandmysteriousqualityoflightisanimportantelementofthereligioussymbolismofGothiccathedrals.
InplantheHighGothiccathedralremainedfaithfultothetraditionalbasilicanform.Itconsistedofacentralnaveflankedbyaisles,withorwithouttransept,andwasterminatedbyachoirsurroundedbyanambulatorywithchapels.Theseelements,however,werenolongertreatedassingleunitsbutwereformallyintegratedwithinaunifiedspatialscheme.Theexteriorviewwasfrequentlydominatedbytwintowers.Thefacadewaspiercedbyentranceportalsoftenlavishlydecoratedwithsculpture,andatahigherlevelappearedacentralstainedglassrosewindow.Additionaltowersfrequentlyroseabovethecrossingandthearmsofthetransept,whichoftenhadentranceportalsandsculptureoftheirown.Aroundtheupperpartoftheedificewasaprofusionofflyingbuttressesandpinnacles.
IV.Warming-up
1.
Whatisabazaar?
CanyounamesomeoftheMiddleEasterncountriesinwhichsuchbazaarsarelikelytobefound?
2.
Nameallthemarketsinthebazaar.Whatkindofeconomydoyouthinktheyrepresent?
Givefactstosupportyourview.
3.
Whatscenedoyoufindmostpicturesqueinthebazaar?
Why?
V.DetailedStudyoftheText
1.TheMiddleEasternbazaartakesyoubackhundreds-eventhousands-ofyears:
Thebazaartakesyoubackhundreds-eventhousands-ofyearsbecauseitwaspossiblybuiltcenturiesago,thearchitecturewasancient,thebricksandstoneswereagedandtheeconomywasahandicrafteconomywhichnolongerexistedinthewest.
2.TheoneIamthinkingofparticularlyisentered….
isentered…:
Thepresenttenseusedhereiscalled“historicalpresent”.Itisusedforvividness.
aged:
havingexistedlong;
veryold.DetailedStudy
veryold.
3.Youpassfromtheheatandglareofabigopensquareintoacool,darkcavern..:
“Theheat”iscontrastedwith“cool”,“glare”with“dark”,and“opensquare”with“cavern”.
Glare:
strong,fierce,unpleasantlight,notsoagreeableandwelcomeas“brightsunlight”
“Cavern”heredoesnotreallymeanacaveoranundergroundchamber.Fromthetextwecanseeitisalong,narrow,darkstreetofworkshopsandshopswithsomesortofaroofoverthem.
4.Infrontofthegatewaythereisabig,opensquare.Itishotthereandthebrightnessofthesunlightismostdisagreeable.Butwhenyouenterthegateway,youcometoalong,narrow,darkstreetwithsomesortofaroofoverifanditiscoolinside
5.Whichextendsasfarasfarastheeyecansee,losingitselfintheshadowydistance:
Theword“eye”isusedinthesingularnottomeantheconcreteorganofsightbutsomethingabstract.Hereitmeansman’spowerofseeing.
Shadowysuggestsshiftingilluminationandindistinctvision
Theplaceisdark,sowhenthestreetislong,objectsinthedistancebecomeunclearandindistinct.
6.Littledonkeys...enteringandleavingthebazaar:
threadtheirway:
Thedonkeyswentinandoutamongthepeopleandfromonesidetoanother.
Thewords“entering”and“leaving”gowiththeword“throngs”whichdiffersfrom“crowdsinthatiscarriesastrongerimplicationofmovementandofpushingandawearerimplicationofdensity.
7.Theroadwayisabouttwelvefeetwide,butitisnarrowedeveryfewyardsbylittlestallswheregoodsofeveryconceivablekindaresold:
Ican’tconceivewhyyouallowedthechildtotravelalone.
Iconceivedthattheremustbesomedifficulties.
8.Thedin…andmakesyoudizzy:
Din:
loud,confusednoisethatcontinues,
Thenoun“din”isfollowedbythree“of”phrases,
wares:
ratherliterarymeaningarticlesforsale,usu.Notinashop.e.g.
Thebakertraveledroundthetownsellinghiswares,silver-ware,iron-ware,hard-wareadvertiseone’swares
clearaway:
toremovefrom(asaspace)allthatoccupyorencumber,orthatimpedesorrestrictsuse,passageoraction
would-be:
likely,possible
Theloud,confusednoiseof…continueswithoutinterruptionandmakesyoufeelmentallyconfused.
Explanationtothe1stparagraph
Thebazaartakesyoubackhundreds-eventhousands-ofyearsbecauseitwaspossiblybuiltcenturiesage,thearchitecturewasancient,thebricksandstoneswereaged,Infrontofthegatewaythereisabig,opensquare.Itishotthereandthebrightnessofthesunlightismostdisagreeable.Butwhenyouenterthegateway,youcometoalongnarrow,darkstreetwithsomesortofaroofoverit,anditiscoolinside.Theplaceisdark,sowhenthestreetislongobjectsinthedistancebecomeunclearandindistinct.Thedonkeyswentinandoutamongthepeopleandfromonesidetoanother.Theroadwayisabouttwelvefeetwide.Thesmallshopsliningthestreettrytoexpandtheirshopspacebyencroachingonthestreet,sothestreetbecomesnarroweveryfewyards,goodsofeverykindyoucanthinkofaresold,stall-holderscrytheirwaresdonkey-boysandportersremove…Possiblepurchasersargueandbargainforthewaresalltheloud,confusednoisecontinueswithoutinterruptionandmakesyoufeelmentallyconfused.
TheSecondParagraph
9.Thenasyoupenetrate…mutedcloth-market:
penetrate:
topierceorpassintoorthrough.Thewordpenetrateisusedheretoindicatethatyouhavetopassthroughabigcrowdinordertogodeeperintothemarket.
Fadeaway:
goslowlyoutofhearing,graduallydisappear
themutedcloth–market;
itismutedbecausetheearthenfloordeadensthesoundoffootstepsandpeopleinthemarketspeakinlow,softtones.
10.Theearthenfloor…anysoundstoecho:
earthen:
madeofearth,e.g.anearthenjar,earthenware
beatenhardbycountlessfeet:
flattenedbytreading;
whichbecomesflatandhardbecauseitismuchtraveled
deaden:
tolessenordullthesoundof(footsteps)
thevaultedmud-brickwallsandroof:
Moslemstyleofarchitecture
11.Theshopkeeperspeakinslow…followsuit:
measured;
steady,slowanddeliberate;
rhythmical
sepulchral:
sepulchre/’seplkз/n,tombespeciallyonecutinrockorbuiltofstone
sepulchral:
ofasepulcher;
ofburialdeepandgloomysuggestiveofburial:
~looks a~voice
followsuit:
todothesameassomeoneelsehasdone
Thebuyersovercomebythegrave-likeatmosphere,alsospeakinslowmeasuredtones.
12.Knit,knitstockingsoutofwoolknitwoolintostockings
13.Oneofthepeculiarities…persecution.
peculiarity:
characteristics
collect:
cometogether;
gather;
e.g.water(dust)collects
knit:
unitefirmlyandclosely
knitstockingsoutofwool;
knitwoolintostockings
Thetwofamiliesareknittogetherbycommoninterests
aclosely~argument
guild:
societyofpersonsforhelpingoneanother,forwardingcommoninterests
Shopkeepersdealinginthesamekindofgoodsusuallyscatterthemselvesoverthebazaarsoastoavoidcompetition.(Itwouldbemoredifficultforcustomerstocomparegoodsandprice)ButintheMiddleEasternBazaartheycometogetherinthesameareainordertoformaclosely-knitguildagainstinjusticeorpersecution(comingfrom,perhaps,thetaxcollectorsandgovernmentofficials).
14.eachopen-frontedshop….forstorage:
open-frontedshop;
thegoodsaredisplayedatthefrontoftheshop,withoutanywindowordoorwayblockingtheview
15.Bargainingistheorderoftheday:
bargainingisthenormalwayofdoingthings(the)orderoftheday:
thatwhichisofthegreatestgeneralinterestataparticu
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