范文评析文学类Word下载.docx
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范文评析文学类Word下载.docx
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Introduction
Sparklingwithmischief,jumpingwithyouthfuladventure,MarkTwain'
sTomSawyerisoneofthemostsplendidrecreationsofchildhoodinallofliterature.TomSawyeristhefirstofalonglineofadolescentheroesinAmericanfiction.Itisabookthatismorethanaboy'
sbook.LikeGulliver'
sTravels,AliceinWonderlandandHuckleberryFinn,itowesitsgreatnesstothefactthatitcanbereadandadmiredonallagelevels.Ihavebeeninterestedinpsychologyforquitesometime.SinceTomSawyerisregardedasamasterpieceinthechildren'
sliterature,therealkeytoitssuccessmustbesoughtinitspopularityamongyoungreaders.Onthebasisofpsychology,thisthesisintendstoexploreinwhatwayTomSawyergoesalongwiththechildren'
spsychologyandthereforewinstheadmirationofyoungreaders.
(提出论点:
探究《汤姆.索亚历险记》为何如此符合儿童心理并为年轻读者所青睐。
)(文章的起始句用了两个对称而协调的分词短语,显得正式、高雅。
)
1.Children'
sNaiveteandInnocence
1.1BriefAnalysis
Naiveteandinnocencearetwoofthecommoncharacteristicsofchildren.(这是第一个分论点[总论点提出后,文章从六个方面——六个分论点——展开论述。
])Childrenalwayscomprehendtheworldaroundthemwiththeirsimpleheartandponderoveraproblemwiththeirchildishignorance.Inthisstory,MarkTwainmakesTomSawyeraprofessionalboy,incessantlyaboy,nothingbutaboy,whohasthecharacteristicsofchildreningeneral.Confrontedwithanykindofcircumstances,Tomrespondsbymakingagameofit,byrelyingonhisreading,byposingoractingoutapart.(开门见山,观点明确,然后用演绎推理的方式展开下文。
)
1.2Tom'
sBoyishFashionofDoingThings
1.2.1PlayingTruant
MondaymorningfindsTomSawyerinlowspiritsbecauseanotherweek'
ssufferinginschoolcomes.Tomtriestodetectsomesymptomsinhissystemsothathecanstayhomefromschool.Hediscoversthatoneofhisupperfrontteethisloose.Heisabouttogroan,butthinkingoftheterribleresultofhavingthetoothpulledout,hegivesup.Hefinallychooseshissoretoeasanexcuseandfallstogroaningwithconsiderablespirit.TomexpectsSid,hisyoungerbrother,whosleepsbesidehim,towakeupandruntotellAuntPollyabouthissymptoms.ButnomatterhowTomgroans,noresultcomesfromSid."
Tomwasaggravated.Hesaid,'
Sid!
Sid!
'
andshookhim."
ButwhenSidwakesupandstaresathim,TompretendstoletSidleavehimalone.Heactsasifheisdyingandsays,"
Iforgiveeverybody,Sid.(Groan.)Tell’emso,Sid.AndSid,yougivemywindowsashandmycatwithoneeyetothatnewgirlthat'
scometotown,andtellher."
SidbecomessofrightenedthathefliesdownstairstotellAuntPollythatTomisdying.ThisisTom'
spainstakinglyplotting"
fraud"
whichmakesSidbelievehimbutcannotdeceiveAuntPolly.Itistoosimple,acheaptrickbychildren.ItendswithTom'
sloosetoothpulledoutandhestillhastogotoschool.FromtheaboveepisodewefindthatTomisanalertandresourcefulchildwithoutlosinghisnaiveteandinnocenceinchildhood.Afterall,childrenarestillincompletebeings.Underanycircumstances,childrenrespondinaninnocentandsimplefashion,andtendtotreattheproblemstheyencounterintheiruniquechildishway.Theaboveepisodeisawonderfulexampleoftheboymind,whichinhabitsaworldquitedistinctfromthatinwhichheisbodilypresentwithhiselders.
(切入正题显得有点突然,章节之间的联系还可以严密些。
)(引文衔接自然。
运用事例型论据阐释第一个分论点。
1.2.2Love-affair
MarkTwainalsowritesaboutwhatchildrenfeelaboutthoseoftheoppositesexduringthechildren'
spsychologicaldevelopment.Andhereflectsitthroughthehero,TomSawyer.
ThereisavividdescriptionaboutTom'
slovecomplicationforBecky.OnceTomseesanewgirlwithfurtiveeyeinJeffThatcher'
sgarden.Immediatelyhe"
fellinlove"
withher.He"
beganto'
showoff'
inallsortsofabsurdboyishwaysinordertowinheradmiration"
.Whenheseesthegirlwendingherwaytowardthehouse,"
Tomcameuptothefenceandleanedonit,grieving,andhopingshewouldtarryyetawhilelonger."
"
Hisfacelitup,rightaway,forshetossedapansyoverthefenceamomentbeforeshedisappeared."
BeforeTom"
worshipedthisnewangelwithfurtiveeye"
hehadbeenthehappiestandtheproudestboyintheworldonlysevenshortdays,andhereinoneinstantoftimeshehadgoneoutofhisheartlikeacasualstrangerwhosevisitisdone.
ThisisthebeginningofTom'
slovestorywithhischildishlyfickledesertionofhisfiancé
e,AmyLawrence."
Manychildrenhavetheinclinationtoshowoffbeforethoseoftheoppositesexsoastocatchtheirattention."
Buttheso-calledlovecannotgobeyondthelimitofimmaturityofTom'
sage.Forthem,theloveisonlysometrickorgame.MarkTwaingraspsthechildren'
spsychologyandwritesaboutTom'
slove-affairthatisonlyboy'
slove-affair,butisnevertreatedotherwisethanasaboy'
slove-affair.Itisremovedfromtheloomingsexualityofchildhoodandadolescence.Itremindsmanyyoungreadersoftheirownlove-affair,simpleandchildish.(事例型论据与(下一段的)理论型论据相结合,使论证更有力。
1.2.3ChildishImitation
“Childrenoftenobtainscantyknowledgefromadultsandbooksaboutconcept,customandconduct,andaccordingtotheirunderstandingandimagination,trytoimitate.”“Imitationiscommonlyacceptedasaninnatetendencytomimicorcopyothers.”Forchildren,“Imitationissupposedtoplayaroleinlearning.”Findinghimselfinanotyetfamiliarworld,childrenneedaidfromwhattheyreadandseetolearnthingsandtestifythemthroughtheirchildishimitation,thoughnothoroughunderstandingisinvolved.(不同来源的理论型论据增强了论点的可信度和论文的权威性。
ThesameistruewhenTomasksBeckyforakissonlybecausethatisritualhehasreadaboutinbookswhenpeoplegetengaged.Tom’schildishimitationaccordingtohisreadingmayseemabsurdtoadults,butnottoyoungreaders.(运用篇章衔接手段,过渡自然。
)Nothavingmuchsocialexperience,theylookuponbooksandadultsas"
authorities"
whichhelpthemportrayallaspectsoflife.AfterHuckhearsfromanadultthathiswartscanbecuredwithdeadcats,HuckandTomcarryadeadcat.andvisitthecemeteryatnight.Beingboys,theythinktheycancontroltheoccultforcesofdarkness,dreadandviolencebylayingspellsonsuchthings.Theyaresuperstitiousaboutmanythingsinawaythatshowstheirdreadoftheunknownpowersbehindnatureaswellastheirchildishignorance.
1.3Summary
Actually,naiveteandinnocencearesotypicalcharacteristicsofchildrenthatmanyeventsofthestorygiveexpressiontothem.Ifweconsiderthewholestorycomprisesfourlinesofaction--thestoryof"
TomandBecky"
thestoryof"
TomandMuffPotter"
the"
Jackson'
sIsland"
episodeandtheseriesofhappenings(whichmightbecalledtheInjunJoestory)leadingtothediscoveryofthetreasure,eachoneoftheseisinitiatedbyacharacteristicandtypicallyboyishaction.ThelovestorybeginswithTom'
schildishlyfickledesertionofAmy,thePotternarrativewiththesuperstitioustriptothegraveyard,Jackson'
sislandepisodewiththeadolescentrevoltoftheboyagainstAuntPolly,andInjunJoestorywiththejuvenilesearchforburiedtreasure.
Duringhisreading,ayoungreadersharestheexperienceofTomSawyer.Heispleasantlyremindedofwhatheishimself,howhefeelsandthinks,andwhatqueerenterprisestheysometimesengagein,allofwhichcannotgobeyondthelimitofchildishignorance.
(这是对文章内容的小结。
水到渠成。
结论自然。
2.Children'
sCuriosityBehavior
2.1BriefAnalysis
Curiosityisanotherelementinthechildren'
spsychology."
(这是第二个分论点。
文章仍采取事例型论据与理论型论据相结合的方式和演绎推理的形式展开论述。
)Achildwithcuriosityoftenhaswideinterestsinallkindsofthingsaroundhimandlikesaskingvariousquestions.Heseemstohaveafeelingofbeingeagertohaveatry."
Buttheabove-mentioned"
allkindsofthings"
mustbenovelthings.Herewehaveanexample:
"
Connie,agefour,isgivenachoiceofplayingwithdifferenttoys.ToyAisfamiliar,atoyshehasplayedwithseveraltimes.ToyBisunfamiliarandisthusperceivedbyConnieasanovelstimulus,ifsheselectstoyBovertoyA,wearelikelytoexplainthechoicebysayingsheiscuriousabouttoyB."
Thereforecuriositybehaviorshouldbedefinedas"
behaviorcharacterizedbyexplanatoryorstimulus-seekingresponsestoeithernovelorcomplexstimuli"
Noveltyisidentifiedinthedefinition.Astimulusisnovelifitisnewordifferent,suchastoyBforConnie,whichqualifiesasnovelstimulus."
Socommoniscuriositybehaviorthatthereisageneralhypothesisinpsychologythatsuchbehaviorhasanin-bornbasis.Curiosityisclassifiedasoneofthegeneraldrives.”
Asoneofthegeneraldrives,curiosityplaysaveryimportantroleinchildren'
slife.Forchildren,theworldisamysterious,fascinating,richandcolorfulworld."
Theyusuallysparenoeffortstotrytounderstandeverythingorexperienceeverythingthattheybecomeinterestedin.”WhenMarkTwaincreatesTomSawyerandothercharactersinthestory,hegivesprominencetochildren'
scuriosity,attemptingtocapturethegeneralfeelingofyoungreaders.(连续,过多地使用直接引语,难免有“抄袭”之嫌
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