sjyyjy0301Word文件下载.docx
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Inplanningtheaudit,theauditorthereforeneedstoestablishmaterialitylevelstoensurethatanymatcrialmisstatementoromissionsintheaccountingrecordsarediscovered.
Notes:
Materiality:
Omission
Misstatement
Materialitylevel:
Establishingmaterialitylevels
Therearetwolevelsofmaterialitytobeconsidered:
Materialityattheoverallfinancialstatementlevel
Materialforindividualbalancesandclassesoftransactions
Thelatterisusuallyderivedfromtheformer.
Thereisaninverserelationshipbetweenmaterialityandthelevelauditrisk.Thehigherthematerialitylevel,thelowertheauditrisk,andviceversa.
Where,forexample,materialityislow,auditriskisincreasedandtheauditorcancompensateforthisbyeithercarryingoutadditionaltestofcontrol,orbyincreasingsubstantiveprocedures.Eitherwillhavetheeffectofreducingtheassessedlevelofcontrolrisk.
Inverse:
Viceversa:
Compensatefor:
Derivefrom:
Materialityattheplanningstageisoftensetatalowerlevelthanisstrictlynecessaryinordertoreducetheriskofundiscoveredmisstatements.Thisalsohelpstodealwiththepotentialproblemofhavingtoadjustmaterialitylevelsatalaterdateinthelightofevidenceobtained.
Themostcommonbasesusedareapercentageofsales(1-2%),pre-taxprofit(5-10%)orassetvalues(2-5%).
Potentialproblem
Percentage:
Totalauditrisk,theriskofgivinganinappropriateopinionwhenfinancialstatementsaremateriallymisstated,hasthreecomponents:
·
inherentrisk(orIR)
controlrisk(orCR)
detectionrisk(orDR).
Thesethreerisksmultipliedtogethergivetotalauditrisk.Thus:
AR=IR×
CR×
DR
Theserisksareexplainedbelow.Remember,though,thatitistheauditor’sjudgementthatisalwaysusedtodeterminethevaluetobeplacedontheseitems-thereisnorulethattheauditorcanfollow.
Broadly,thelowertherisklevelrequired,thegreatertheauditworkrequired.
Inmostcases,internalauditorswilloperatearisk-basedapproachtoauditing,makingdecisionsbasedonimpactandprobabilityofrisksoccurringandthereforedirectingattentiontowardshighestimpactandhighestprobabilityrisks.
Impactofrisk-Iftheriskmaterialised,whatwouldbethescaleofeffect,howfarcoulditaffecttheareaunderreview?
Forexample,ifthecompanybreachedregulatoryrequirementsresultinginfinesandnegativepublicity,thatcouldbeassessedashighimpactbecauseoftheadversefinancialandreputationaleffect.
Probabilityofrisk-Thislooksathowlikelyistherisktomaterialize.Ariskmayhaveahighimpact(e.g.completelossofabuildingduetofire),butmuchlowerprobability.
Assessingimpactandprobabilityhelpsprioritizationandunderstandingofthenatureoftherisksinvolved.
Inherentrisk,controlriskanddetectionrisk
Inherentriskisassessedatboththefinancialstatement(entity)level,andatthelevelaffectedbysuchitemsashowmuchthecompanyissubjecttomarketforces,thecashsituationofthecompany,thetradinghistoryofthecompany,andthenatureandincidenceofunusualtransactions.Abusinessintheconstructionindustryismoreriskythanafoodretailer,asitismorevolatile.
Attheaccountbalanceorclassoftransactionslevel,factorsaffectinginherentriskwillincludethesusceptibilitytomisappropriation,thecomplexityoftheunderlyingtransactionsorthedegreeofjudgmentinvolvedindeterminingaccountbalances.
Inventory,forexample,ismoreinherentlyriskythancash,asthereisgreaterscopeformanipulationanderror.
Inherentrisk:
Controlrisk:
Detectionrisk:
Themore…themore:
Subjectto:
Incidenceofunusualtransaction:
Susceptibility:
易感性,感受性,感情,[物]磁化系数
Misappropriation:
据为己有,占有,挪用(只指定用途的一笔),拨款
Controlrisk
Controlriskwillbeaffectedbysuchfactorsasthecontrolenvironmentatthecompanyincluding,forexample,theintegrityofthestaffoperatingthesystem,theextentofsupervisorycontrols,andthestrengthofcontrolsinparticularaccountareas.
Thepreliminaryassessmentofcontrolriskshouldalwaysbehighunlesstheauditorcaneitheridentifycontrolsthatarelikelytopreventordetectmisstatementsineacharea,orplanstoperformtestsofcontroltosupporttheassessment.
Thereshouldbefulldocumentationoftheaccountingandinternalcontrolsystemintheauditor’srecords,andfulldocumentationoftheauditor’sassessmentofcontrolrisk.
Evidenceshouldbeobtainedthroughtestsofcontroltosupportanyassessmentofcontrolriskthatislessthanhigh;
thelowertheassessmentofcontrolrisk,themoreevidenceisneededtoshowthatsystemsaresuitablydesignedandoperatingeffectively.
Whentestsofcontrolarecomplete,auditorsshouldreviewtheirpreliminaryassessmentofcontrolrisk.
Integrity:
正直,诚实;
Preliminaryassessment:
初步评估
Detectionrisk
Thisisthe‘variable’andisdeterminedbyre-arrangingtheauditriskequation:
DR=AR÷
(IR×
CR)
Theauditordeterminestheleveloftotalauditriskthatisacceptableandestimatestheinherentandcontrolrisksbyassessingthefactorsreferredtopreviously.Detectionriskcanthenbecalculated,asshowninthefollowingexample:
AR=5%IR=50%CR=20%
DR=0.05÷
(0.5×
0.2)=0.5i.e.50%
Ifcontrolriskandinherentriskarehighthendetectionriskwillbelow.Thelowerthelevelofdetectionriskthatisacceptable,thegreatertheleveloftestingrequired.
Clientriskevaluationquestionnaire
Inherentrisk(financialstatementandaccountbalance)
Controlrisk(controlenvironmentandspecificcontrols)
Controlenvironment
ISA300Planninganauditoffinancialstatementsthatthemainobjectiveofplanningistoenabletheaudittobeperformedinaneffectivemanner.
Thepurposesofplanningareasfollows:
Toensurethatappropriateattentionispaidtothedifferentareasoftheaudit
Toensurethatpotentialproblemareasareidentified
Tofacilitatereview
Planningalsoassistintheproperallocationofworktotheauditteamandthecoordinationofworkdonebyotherauditorsandexperts.
Facilitate
Coordination
Expert
ISA300keypoints
Auditorsshouldplantheauditworksoastoperformtheauditinaneffectivemanner.
Auditorsshouldestablishtheoverallauditstrategyfortheaudit.
Auditorsshoulddevelopanddocumentanoverallauditplandescribingtheexpectedscopeandconductoftheaudit,inordertoreduceauditrisktoanacceptablylowlevel.
Auditorsshoulddevelopanddocumentthenature,timingandextentofplannedauditproceduresrequiredtoimplementtheoverallauditplan.
Theauditworkplannedshouldbereviewedand,ifnecessary,revisedduringthecourseoftheaudit.
Nature
Timing
Extent
Review
Revise
AuditstrategytoAuditplantoauditprocedures
Whenplanninganaudit,theauditormustfirstestablishtheoverallauditstrategy,settingthescope,timinganddirectionoftheaudit,andguidingthedevelopmentofthemoredetailedauditplan.Theauditstrategywillconsider:
Scope
Whatistheapplicablefinancialreportingframework
Whatindustry-specificfactorsarerelevant
Timing
Whatarethedeadlinesforcompletionoftheaudit
Auditstrategy
Scope
Direction
Applicable
Deadline
Whatareasarelikelytohavethehighestrisks?
Isinternalcontrollikelytobeeffective
Oncetheauditstrategyhasbeenestablished,theauditorcanthenstartdevelopingamoredetailedauditplanaddressingthevariousmatters,identifiedintheauditstrategy.Thepurposeoftheauditplanistoensurethattheauditobjectivescanbeachievedthroughefficientuseoftheauditor’sresourceswhilereducingauditrisktoanacceptablylowlevel.Theauditplanwillinclude:
Adescriptionoftheplannedriskassessmentproceduresdesignedtoassesstherisksofmaterialmisstatement.
Adescriptionoftheplannedsubstantiveauditproceduresjudgednecessarydependingontherisksassessed.Thisleadsfromtherelativeemphasisexpectedtobeplacedontestsofcontrolasopposedtosubstantiveprocedures.
Typicalplanningprocedures
Planningproceduresvaryfromoneaudittothenext,butauditorsshouldtakeanorganized,step-by-stepapproachtotheplanningprocess.
Upgradetheauditors’understandingoftheentityanditsenvironment
Outlineplan
Reviewauditofthepreviousyear
Changesinlegislationoraccountingpractice
Managementorinterimaccounts
Meettheseniormanagement
Client’semployees
Experthelp
Nu
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