第十讲中人民的个性特征文档格式.docx
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第十讲中人民的个性特征文档格式.docx
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(3).IdeologicalSource:
Confucianism(Benevolence,Righteousness,propriety,knowledgesincerity),nationalbeliefandpracticein“OfficialStandard”,obediencetotheauthoritiesatalllevels.
(4).Socialstate:
nationalunification,politicalharmony,socialstability,collectivismorgrouppsychologyintermsofideologicalandintellectualconformity,behavioralagreementindailylifeandinworkplaces,evenincustomsandconventionsasaresultofnationalunicity(民族单一性),i.e.thenationality.
(5).Nationalcharacter:
lackofthespiritofcriticism,ofindividualism,ofadventureandcreativity.Nationalservility.
(6).Lifephilosophy:
pursuitofsimple,safe,peacefulfamilylifebasedonfamily-tie-orientatedharmony.Thehappinessandblissareacquiredfromtheintrinsicotherthanfromextrinsic.
10.2.ChineseCharacter
10.2.1Mellowness(老成温厚)
“Character”isatypicalEnglishword.ApartfromtheEnglish,fewnationshavelaidsuchstressoncharacterintheiridealofeducationandmanhoodastheChinese.(出英国人之外,很少有哪个国家像中国人这样重视性格的培养。
)TheChineseseemtobesopreoccupiedwithitthatintheirwholephilosophytheyhavenotbeenabletothinkofanythingelse.Todaydevoidofanyextra-mundaneinterests(即对世俗的欲望不存在任何非分的妄想),andwithoutanygettinginvolvedinanyreligiousclap-trap(奢谈),thisidealofbuildingofcharacterhas,throughtheinfluenceoftheirliterature,theatre,andproverbs,permeatedtothelowestpeasant,andprovidedhimwithaphilosophyoflife.ButwhiletheEnglishword“character”suggestsstrength,courage”,“guts”(有种)andlookingmerelyglum(郁闷)inmomentsofangerordisappointment,theChinesewordfor“character”bringstousthevisionofmaturemanofmellowtemperamentanequanimity(镇静)ofmindunderallcircumstances,withacompleteunderstandingnotonlyofhimselfbutofhisfellowmen.Amellowunderstandingoflifeandofhumannatureis,andalwayshasbeen,theChineseidealofcharacter,andfromthatunderstandingotherqualitiesarederived,suchaspacifism,contentment,calmandstrengthofendurancewhichdistinguishtheChinesecharacter.
IfwereviewtheChineseraceandtrytopicturetheirnationalcharacteristics,weshallprobablyfindthefollowingtraitsofcharacter:
(1)sanity(稳健)
(2)simplicity(单纯)
(3)loveofpeace(酷爱自然)
(4)patience(忍耐)
(5)indifference(消极避世)
(6)oldroguery(超脱老猾)
(7)fecundity(多生多育)
(8)industry(勤劳)
(9)frugality(节俭)
(10)loveoffamilylife(热爱家庭生活)
(11)pacifism(和平主义)
(12)contentment(知足常乐)
(13)humor(幽默滑稽)
(14)conservatism(因循守旧)
(15)sensuality(耽于声色)
Theyare,onthewhole,simplegreatqualitiesthatwouldadornanynation.Someofthesecharactersarevicesratherthanvirtues,andothersareneutralqualities;
theyaretheweaknessaswellasthestrengthoftheChinesenation.Toomuchmentalsanityoftenclips(cut)imaginationofitswingsanddeprivestheraceofitsmomentsofblissfulmadness;
pacifismcanbecomeaviceofcowardice;
patience,again,maybringaboutmorbidtoleranceofevil;
conservatismmayattimesbeameresynonymforslothandlaziness,andfecunditymaybearacialvirtuebutanindividualvice(多生多育对于民族可能是美德,但对个人来讲却又可能是恶习)。
Butallthesequalitiesmaybesummedinthewordmellowness.Theyarepassivequalities,suggestiveofcalmandpassivestrengthratherthanofyouthfulvigorandromance.Theysuggestthequalitiesofacivilizationbuiltforstrengthandenduranceratherthanforprogressandconquest.
10.2.2.Patience(遇事忍耐)
WehavemanyChinesesayingsaboutthegoodnessofpatience,suchas,“Amanwhocannottoleratesmallillscanneveraccomplishgreatthings”(小不忍则乱大谋),“Ifonecanputupwiththeoneday’sanger,hecanbefreeoftroublesforonehundreddays”(忍得一日之气,免除百日之忧),“Peaceablenessbringsgoodluck”(和气生财).
“Letustakethreeworstandmoststrikingcharacteristics,patience,indifferenceandoldroguery,andseehowtheyarose.IbelievethattheseareeffectsofcultureandenvironmentandhencearenotnecessarilyapartoftheChinesementalmake-up.Theyareheretodaybecauseforthousandsofyearswehavebeenlivingundercertainculturalandsocialinfluences.Thenaturalinferenceisthatwhentheseinfluencesareremoved,thequalitieswillalsocorrespondinglydiminishordisappear.Thequalityofpatienceistheresultofracialadjustmenttoconditionwhereoverpopulationandeconomicpressureleaveverylittleelbowroom(自由活动的空间)forpeopletomoveaboutandis,inparticular,aresultoffamilysystem,whichisaminiatureofChinesesociety.Indifferenceislargelyduetothelackoflegalprotectionandconstitutionalguaranteeforpersonalliberty.Oldrogueryisdue,forlackofabetterword,totheTaoistviewoflife”(林语堂《MyCountryAndMyPeople》p.42-45).
“Perhapshadourcapacityforsufferancebeensmaller,oursufferingswouldalsobeless.Asitis,thiscapacityforputtingupwithinsultshasbeenennobledbythenameofpatience,anddeliberatelyinculcatedasacardinalvirtuebyConfucianethic”.(或许我们对苦难的承受力小一些,我们的苦难就会少一些。
然而这种对污辱的承受力被赋予了忍耐的美名,又被儒家伦理学谆谆教诲为做人最重要的品德(ibid,p.46)
10.2.3.Indifference(消极避世)
ButifChinesepeopleareuniqueintheirpatience,theyaremorejustlyfamousfortheirindifference.ThereisnomoresignificantcontrastthanthatbetweenthepartinginstructionofTomBrown’smother,intheEnglishclassicTomBrown’sSchool-Days,(英文经典小说《汤姆布朗的学生时代》)to“holdhisheadhighandanswerstraight”,andthetraditionalpartinginstructionoftheChinesemotherthathersonshould“notmeddlewithpublicaffairs”(少管闲事).
10.2.4.Oldroguery(超脱老滑)
Anoldrogueisamanwhohasseenalotoflife,andwhoismaterialistic,andnonchalant,andskepticalofprogress.Atitsbestoldroguerygivesusmellownessandgoodtemper,whichinoldmenmakemanygirlspreferthemforhusbands.Foriflifeisworthanything,itisthatitteachesalessonofkindliness.TheChinesepeoplehavearrivedatthispointofview,notbyhavingfoundreligioussanction(认可)forit,butfromaprofoundobservationandaknowledgeofthevicissitudesoflife(“一位超脱老猾者是有很多生活阅历的人,他是实利主义者,麻木不仁,对进步持怀疑态度。
超脱老猾的最大优点是能使人老成持重,性格温和。
持这种性格的老年人也往往能使很多女孩子倾倒,从而被选做丈夫。
因为假如生活能给人们什么的话,那就该是和蔼温良。
中国人总结出这条经验,并不是因为他们为之找到了宗教的认可,而是因为深切的观察了生活,体会到了人生的沉浮”).Typicalofthisextremelyshrewdphilosophyisthefollowingfamousdialogueoftwopoet-monksoftheTangDynasty:
OnceHanshanaskedShihteh:
“Ifoneslandersme,indultsme,sneersatme,despisesme,injuresme,hatesme,anddeceivesme,whatshouldIdo?
”Shihtehreplied:
‘Onlybearwithhim,yieldtohim,lethim,avoidhim,endurehim,respecthim,andignorehim.Afterafewyears,youjustlookathim.”(“一日,寒山谓拾得:
“今有人侮我,冷笑笑我,藐视我,毁我伤我,嫌恶恨我,诡谲欺我,则奈何?
”拾得曰:
“子但忍受之,依他,让他,苦苦耐他,装聋作哑,漠然置他。
冷眼观之,看他如何结局。
”)
Thetypicalideasare:
⑴.“Bylosingthatpawn,onewinsthewholegame.”(丢一卒而胜全局)
⑵.“Ofallthethirty-sixalternatives,runningawayisthebest.”(三十六计走为上)
⑶.“Atrueheroneverincurspresentrisk”(好汉不吃眼前亏)
⑷.“Takingastepbackwardsinyourthought.”(退一步海阔天空)
⑸.“Greatthingscanbereducedintosmallthings,andsmallthingscanbereducedintonothing.”(大事化小,小事化了)
⑹.“Onebidisnotsogoodasonepass”(多一事不如少一事)
Atitsworst,thisoldroguery,whichisthehighestproductofChineseintelligence,worksagainstidealismandaction.Itshattersalldesiresforreform,laughsatthefutilityofhumaneffortandrenderstheChinesepeopleincapableofidealismandaction.Ithasastrangewayofreducingallhumanactivitiestothelevelofthealimentarycanalandothersimplebiologicneeds.Menciuswasagreatroguewhenhedeclaredthechiefdesiresofmankindtobefoodandwomen,oralimentationandreproduction.(“超脱老猾是中国人聪明才智的结晶,它的最大缺点是与理想主义和行动主义相抗衡。
它击碎了人们任何改革的欲望,它嘲笑人类的一切努力,认为它徒劳无益。
它使中国人失了理想,不去行动。
它能神奇地将人们的活动限制到消化道以及其他简单的生活需求水平上。
孟子是一个伟大的超脱老猾者,他宣扬人类的愿望是吃喝与女人,或者说滋养与繁殖。
”)(ibid,p.53)
10.2.5.Pacifism(和平主义)
FortheChineseareahard-boiled(不动感情的)lot.Thereisnononsenseaboutthem;
theydonotliveinordertodie,astheChristianspretendtodo,nordotheyseekforaUtopiaonearth,asmanyseers(先知)oftheWestdo.Theyjustwanttoorder(整理,驾驭)thislifeonearth,whichtheyknowtobefullofpainandsorrow,sothattheymayworkpeaceably,endurenobly,andlivehappily.OfthenoblevirtuesoftheWest,ofnobility(豪爽),ambition(雄心),zealforreform(改革热情),publicspirit(参与精神),senseforadventure(冒险意识)andheroiccourage(英雄胆识),theChinesearedevoid.TheycannotbeinterestedinclimbingMontBlanc(勃朗峰,法国东部山峰)orinexploringtheNorthPole.Buttheyaretremendouslyinterestedinthiscommonplaceworld,andtheyhaveanindomitablepatience,anindefatigableindustry,asenseofduty,alevel-headedcommonsense,cheerfulness,humor,tolerance,pacifism,andunequalledgeniusforfindinghappinessinhardenvironmentswhichwecallcontentment____qualitiesthatmakethiscommonplacelifeenjoyabletothem.Andchiefofthesearepacifismandtolerance,whicharethemarkofamellowculture,andwhichseemtobelackinginmodernEurope.
10.2.6.Contentment(知足常乐)
TravelersinChina,especiallythosewaywardtravelerswhogothroughtheseldomvisitedpartsoftheChineseinland,areequallyamazedatthelowstandardoflivingoftheChinesetoilingmassesandattheircheerfulnessandcontentmentundersuchconditions.Eveninthefamine-strickenprovinces,likeShanxi(陕西),thisspiritofcontentmentgenerallyprevailsinallexceptextremecases,andsomeShanxifarmersprobablycanstillevennow.Nowaloto
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