精品推荐考研英语真题及解析文档格式.docx
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精品推荐考研英语真题及解析文档格式.docx
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scientists,13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchas
breastcancer.Thesefacts,14,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffects,
suchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochran
suggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthese
peoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs.
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SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Markyour
answersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Whilestillcatchinguptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastone
undesirablecategory.“Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersin
responsetostresscomparedtomen,”accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sVeteran’s
AdministrationHospital.
Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causing
femalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.In
severalofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,
theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.
Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.“It’snot
necessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,”saysDr.Yehuda.
“
Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’s,”sheobserves,“it’sjustthatthey’redealing
withsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.”
Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposed
totendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menare
exposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposed
totendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobe
one-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.”
AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.“Istruggledalotto
getthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetahead
anddobetter.”Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.“It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofa
teenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”
NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayare
copingwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratesthe
importanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.
1.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?
[
A]Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.
B]Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.
C]Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.
D]Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.
2.Dr.Yehuda’sresearchsuggeststhatwomen.
[A]needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress
[B]havelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress
[C]aremorecapableofavoidingstress
[D]areexposedtomorestress
3.AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobe.
[A]domesticandtemporary
[B]irregularandviolent
[C]durableandfrequent
[D]trivialandrandom
4.Thesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”(Line5,Para.5)showsthat.
A]Alvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney
B]Alvarez’ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses
C]Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs
D]Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck
5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
A]StrainofStress:
NoWayOut?
B]ResponsetoStress:
GenderDifference
C]StressAnalysis:
WhatChemicalsSay?
D]GenderInequality:
WomenUnderStress
Text2
Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmitthe
resultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthor’snamesandaffiliationsfrom
thepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthe
paperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseeking
knowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.
Nolonger.TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishers
aremakingmoneyfromgovernment–fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientific
resultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareport
describingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityin
AustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,made
handsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementof
scientificendeavor.
Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwide
distributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedat
between$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublishers
saysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan
.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.
Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirely
newbusinessmodelsareemerging;
threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereisthe
so-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthrough
site-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhis
employer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuch
asuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybrids
ofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsix
months,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditional
formofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.
6.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses.
[A]thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting
[B]thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports
[C]therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers
[D]thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication
7.Whichofthefollowingistrueo
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