英语专业毕业论文5Word下载.docx

英语专业毕业论文5Word下载.docx

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politeness;

cross-culturalpragmaticfailure;

culturaldifferences

摘要：

语用失误是造成跨文化交际障碍的主要原因之一。

由于中西方对于礼貌这一概念的理解不同，在日常的跨文化交际中，语用失误时有发生，进而影响了交际效果。

本文阐述了礼貌、跨文化交际、跨文化交际语用失误等基本概念，列举中英不同文化背景下，人们对礼貌这一概念的不同解读，并进一步探索了这些差异的根源，以期能使人们在跨文化交际中尽量避免礼貌语用失误，顺利实现有效的跨文化交际。

总的来说，本文的研究证实了在中西方的日常交际中，由于对礼貌解读的不同，双方在会晤、接受礼物、餐桌礼仪等诸多方面存在语用失误现象，因此，人们有必要了解认识文化间的差异，有效地避免跨文化交际中的误解或障碍。

关键词：

礼貌；

跨文化交际语用失误；

文化差异

1.Introduction

Recently,thereisawaveofglobalizationduetofactorsincludingmassaccesstointernet,globalizationofindustry,andexpansionofeducationalexchangesandsoon.Newtechnologies,growthoftheworld’spopulation,andshiftintheglobaleconomicareahaveallcontributedtotheincreaseincross-culturalcommunication.Therefore,cross-culturalcommunicationhasbecomeindispensabletoday.

Languageusedbyhumanbeingsisthemostbasictoolforcommunication,whichplaysacrucialroleintheprocessofhumanhistoricaldevelopment.Weusewordstopersuade,toexchangeideas,toexpressviews,toseekinformation,andtoexpressfeelings.Wemadeculturalchoiceswhenweareusinghumanlanguagetocommunicatewithotherpeople.Cultureshapesourideasandplaysacrucialroleoninfluencingourwayofusinglanguage.Atthesametime,languagecanalsobeconsideredasawindowtotheculture.Theyarecloselyconnectedwitheachotherandcanneverbeseparated.Therefore,weshouldnotonlylearnlinguisticskillswellbutalsoknowmuchknowledgeaboutforeignculturesifwewanttoconqueraforeignlanguageandbecomeaneffectivecommunicator.

Butthefactisthatmanypeopledidn’tpaymuchattentiontotheculturalbackgroundsandusedwordstocommunicatewithothersinaninappropriatewayandinappropriateoccasion.Inthisway,thesocialpragmaticfailuresoftenoccurduringthecross-culturalcommunication.

Becauseofthefierceconflictsbetweenthepopularityofcross-culturalcommunicationandthefrequentlyhappeningcommunicationbarriers,thefactorsaffectingcommunicationaredrawingmuchmoreattentionfromtheresearchers.Inthepasttwodecades,therehasbeenanincreasinginterestinthestudyofpragmaticfailuresincross-culturalcommunication.Cross-culturalsocialpragmaticfailureshavebeenanimportantareaofpragmaticsandcross-culturalcommunicationstudies.Thesocialpragmaticfailuresaremainlycausedbyculturaldifferencesandlackofawarenessaboutthisissue.Hence,wehavetofigureoutsomesolutionstodealwithit,suchasstrengthenculturalawareness,avoidnegativestereotypeandcultivatecross-culturalcommunicationcompetence.Onlyinthiswaycanweachieveasatisfiedresultfromtheinterculturalcommunication

2.TheoreticalBackgrounds

Inordertohaveacomprehensiveunderstandingofsocialpragmaticfailuresduringtheinter-culturalcommunication,we’dbetterlearnsomebackgroundinformationaboutculture.Theknowledgeaboutdefinitionofculture,cross-culturalcommunication,andthesocialpragmaticfailuresandtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureareoughttobefamiliartous.

2.1DefinitionofCulture

Theword“culture”isalargeandevasiveconcept,verycomplexanddifficulttodefine.Therearehundredsofdefinitionsforculture.HereIpresentonlytwoconceptswhichIfavormost.Theoneis“Acultureisacollectionofbeliefs,habits,livingpatterns,andbehaviorswhichareheldmoreorlessincommonbypeoplewhooccupyparticulargeographicareas.”（D.Brown,40）Theotherisexplainedinamoredetailedway:

“cultureismen’smedium;

thereisnotoneaspectofhumanlifethatisnottouchedandalteredbyculture.Thismeanspersonality,howpeopleexpressthemselves（includingshowsofemotion）,thewaytheythink,howtheymove,howproblemsaresolved,howtheircitiesareplannedandlaidout,howtransportationsystemsfunctionandareorganized,aswellashoweconomicandgovernmentsystemsareputtogetherandfunction.”（EdwardT.Hall,40）

2.2DefinitionofCross-culturalCommunication

Asisknowntoall,thecross-culturalcommunicationhasbecomeincreasinglyimportantforhumans.Theneedforcross-culturalcommunicationisasoldashumankind.We’vediscussedthedefinitionofculture.Now,itisnecessarytoknowsomethingabouttheconceptsofcross-culturalcommunication,whichisthefiststeptohaveadeeperunderstandingofsocialpragmaticfailures.Thecross-culturalcommunication（alsofrequentlyreferredtoasinter-culturalcommunication,whichisalsousedinadifferentsense,though）isafieldofstudythatlooksathowpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicate,insimilarordifferentwaysamongthemselves,andhowtheyendeavortocommunicateacrosscultures.

2.3Cross-culturalSocialPragmaticFailures

Theterm“pragmaticfailure”wasfirstusedbyBritishlinguistJennyThomasinherpaper“cross-culturalpragmaticfailure”（1983）,publishedinappliedlinguistics.Itistodefinetheinabilitytounderstandwhatismeantbywhatsaid.Thomasdividedpragmaticfailureintotwotypes,pragmatic-linguisticfailureandsocial-pragmaticfailure.Pragmatic-linguisticfailurereferstotheinabilityininterpretingthelinguisticmeaningbymistakenbeliefsaboutpragmaticforceofutterance.Andsocialpragmaticfailurereferstotheexpressiveinappropriatenessresultedfromthemisunderstandingortheignoranceofsocialorculturaldifferences.Itfallsintotwomainaspects:

failureincultureandfailureinsocialnorms.

Pragmatic-linguisticfailurecanberegardedasthepartofthegrammarandeasytoovercome.Socialpragmaticfailure,however,involvesthespeakers’knowledgeofthelanguageandsystemofbeliefwhichmakesitmoredifficulttodealwith.Pragmatic-linguisticfailuresmayonlymakeothersthinkthatyouare“speakingbadly”,butsocialpragmaticfailuremayprobablyleaveotherstheimpressionof“behavingbadly”andcausegreatembarrassmentandmisunderstandingsduringinter-culturalcommunication.Therefore,we’dbettertryourbesttoavoidthesocialpragmaticfailuresandinteractwithpeoplefromdifferentculturesasactivelyaspossible.Onlyinthiswaycanweachieveaneffectivecommunicationresult.

3.TypicalAnalyses

Becauseofthenegativetransferofnativeculturetotargetculture,socialpragmaticfailureshavebecomeoneofmainfactorsleadtothecommunicationbarriers.HereIlistsixaspectsofreflectingsocialpragmaticfailuresandthecomparesarepresentedbetweenchinaandwesterncountries.

3.1FormofAddress

Everycountryhasitsownwaytoaddresspeople.Intheprocessofcross-culturalcommunication,wehavetobecautiousenoughtochoosetherightformofaddressaccordingtootherpeople’sculture.

Case

（1）（AChinesestudentgreetshisforeignteacher）

Student:

“Hello,TeacherHedges.”

Analyses:

Inchina,it’squitenaturalforstudentstocalltheirteachersbycombingthetitleoftheprofessionandthefirstname.Butinwesterncountries,especiallyinAmerican,“teacher”isjustaprofessionbutnotaformofaddress.TherightwaytogreetteachersistoaddMr/Mrs/Missinfrontofone’sfamilyname,orcalltheirnamestraightforwardly.

Case

（2）（AchildinchinametanAmericaninaparkandtriedtospeaktohimcourteously）

A:

Uncle,howdoyoudo?

B:

PleasecallmeJohn;

I’mnotyouruncle.

InChina,childrenoftencalltheelderpeopleuncleorauntforthesakeofshowingtheirgreatrespecttothem.Butinwesterncountries,theappellationof“uncle”canonlybeusedbyrelatives.Iftheyheardunfamiliarpeoplecallthem“uncle”or“aunt”,theymayfeelembarrassedoruncomfortable.

3.2ValueOrientation

Oneofthemainfactorscausingsocialpragmaticfailuresisconsideredasthedifferentbelieforientations.Andthedifferencesreflectedinpeople’susageoflanguageduringthecross-culturalcommunication.That’sthereasonwhydifferentpeoplehavedifferentresponsestowardscomplimentandgratitude.

3.2.1ComplimentResponse

Case（3）（AChinesevisitingscholartoAmericanispraisedbyherAmericanfriend）

Americanfriend:

That’salovelydressyouhaveon.

Chinesescholar:

No,no,it’sjustaveryordinarydress.

IntraditionalChineseculture,beingmodestandprudenthasbeenhighlyappreciated.Peopletendtodepreciatethemselvesandputahighervalueonotherpeople.Butinwesterncountries,it’squitenaturalforpeopletopraiseothers,andit’sjustawayofgreeting.Thedifferentattitudestowardscomplimentresponsemaycertainlycausesocialpragmatic