安布闭壳龟Word下载.docx
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安布闭壳龟Word下载.docx
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英文名称:
MalayanBoxTurtle
动物学分类:
龟鳖目>
潜颈龟亚目>
龟科>
闭壳龟属>
安布闭壳龟
别名:
驼背龟,越南龟,马来闭壳龟
特征
是婆罗洲所有龟类中唯一一种有进化完全的腹甲铰链结构,在头部和四肢收缩后,它可使甲壳完全闭合,这种龟不可能和其他品种混淆。
它的背甲光滑,且高高隆起呈半球形,在成体背甲的中央有一条脊棱,但幼体的背甲两侧可能会呈现出两条额外的脊棱。
背甲是橄榄色的,褐色或几乎是黑色,腹甲为黄色或米色,有一块黑色的大斑点。
面部有黄色的纵向条纹。
成年雄性的腹甲有些凹陷,而成年雌性的腹甲平坦。
它栖息在静止的或缓慢流动的水体中,包括河流、湖泊、沼泽、红树林湿地,还有农田。
和几乎不水栖的成体相比,幼体更倾向于水栖。
分布:
云南省的滇西、滇南热带地区、广东、广西均有分布
Description
TheSouthAsianboxturtlegetsitsnamefromtheabilitytoboxitselfupcompletelywithinitsshell.Thisisduetothehingedlowershell,which,likeotherboxturtles,canbefoldedupwhentheheadiswithdrawn,securelyprotectingtheanimalfromanypredators(4).Itcangrowtoover20centimetresinlengthwhichmakesitthelargestoftheAsianboxturtles,whichallbelongtothegenusCuora(5).Thehighlydomeduppershell,orcarapace,isdarkoliveorblack,whilstthelowershell,orplastron,isyellowtolightbrown,withlargedark-brownorblackpatchestowardtheoutsideofeachscute
(2).Thesmallishheadisolivetodarkbrownontop,yellowtooliveunderneath,withthreedistinctiveblackstripesrunningalongthesideofthehead,fromthenostrilstotheneck.Ithasaprotrudingsnoutandslightlyhookedupperjaw
(2)(4).Thelimbsareolivetoblackandlargescalescoverthefrontoftheforelimbs.Malescanbedistinguishedfromfemalesbytheirlonger,thickertails,andtheirslightlysmallersize
(2).
Range
TherearefourknownsubspeciesoftheSouthAsianboxturtle;
CuoraamboinensisamboinensiscanbefoundinIndonesiaandthePhilippines,C.a.kamaromaoccursineasternIndia,theAndamanIslands,Bangladesh,MalaysiaandBorneo,C.a.courolivesontheIndonesianislandsofJavaandSumatra,Thailand,Singapore,southernMyanmar,ChinaandCambodia,andC.a.lineataoccursinnorth-easternMyanmar(5).
Habitat
Mainlyinhabitswarmaquaticenvironments,suchasmarshes,swamps,ponds,poolsinstreamsandfloodedricepaddies.Ittendstobefoundinwaterwithsoftbottomsandverylittlecurrent,butasasemi-aquaticturtletheyarealsocapableofmovingrapidlyonland,andcanbefoundquitefarfromwater
(2)(6).
Biology
TheSouthAsiankeeledboxturtleisprimarilynocturnalandspendsmostofitsdayhidingunderpilesofleaflitteralongbanksofstreams(5).Itfeedsonawidevarietyoffoods,mainlyaquaticplants,butalsomolluscsandcrustaceans,andfallenfruits,fungiandsoftinvertebrates,suchaswormsandslugs,whenonland(6).Turtlesplayacentralroleintheirecosystemfoodchain,throughpredation,andaspreyforotherforestanimals
(2)(5).
Theyhavebeenobservedperforminginterestingcourtshipbehaviour,wherebythemaleandfemalefaceeachother,andwithoutstretchedneckstheymovetheirheadsintheshapeofaninfinitysymbol
(2).However,themalehasalsobeenobservedbeingveryaggressiveduringcourtship,chasingthefemaleandbitingherontheneck
(2).Sometimesmalesattempttomatewitheachother,whichresultsinviolentfights(6).ThenestingseasonsareinJanuarytoFebruary,andApril,duringwhichtimearoundtwotothreebrittle,whiteeggsarelaid.After67to77daysofincubation,tinyhatchlingsappear,onlyupto5centimetreslong,andcontrarytoadultswhichspendasmuchtimeonlandastheydointhewater,juvenilesareentirelyaquatic
(2)(4)(5).InmanyCuoraspecies,thesurvivalrateofhatchlingsisreportedtobeverylow,ashatchlings,aswellaseggs,areanimportantfoodsourceformonitorlizards,heronsandsomesmallmammals(5).Thisislikelytocontributetothelowreproductiverateofboxturtles.Theyreachsexualmaturityafterfourtofiveyearsandhavealifeexpectancyofbetween25and30years(5).
Threats
Themainthreattothisspecies,likeotherboxturtles,isover-collectionforthefoodandpettrade.Thenationalandinternationaltradeinthisspeciesismassive,forexample,in1991,200,000SouthAsianboxturtleswereexportedfromSulawesialone,andhundredsofthousandshavebeenimportedintoHongKongandChinaoverthelastdecade.Boxturtlesareparticularlysusceptibletooverexploitationduetotheirlowreproductiverate,whichmeanstheycannotbreedfastenoughtoreplacethosebeingtaken.Exportsforthepettradearenotasgreatasthoseforfoodmarkets,butstillthousandshavebeenexportedtoWesterncountries,mostofthemoriginatingfromIndonesia.Aswellasforhumanconsumptionandthepettrade,thisspeciesisusedfordecorativeornaments,andasaningredientintraditionalChinesemedicine(5).Forexample,theyareoftenreleasedintopondsatBuddhisttemples,particularlyinMalaysia(6),andtheirheadsandshellsarefrequentlysoldasatonicafterchildbirth(5).ThisunsustainableexploitationhasheavilyimpactedonpopulationsoftheSouthAsianboxturtle,andnumbersaredeclininginthePhilippines,VietnamandThailand,andarethoughttobevergingonextinctioninLaoPDR.Numbersarealsolikelytobedecreasinginotherpartsofitsrange,butthereisalackofpopulationstatusandtrenddata(5).
SouthAsianboxturtlesareadditionallythreatenedbyhabitatlossanddegradation,throughextensivedeforestationovermuchofitsrange,andhumanrelocationprogrammesinIndonesia.About61%oftheIndonesianhumanpopulationwasmovedfromJavatoSumatra,andpeoplehavealsobeenrelocatedtoSulawesi.Thisincreaseinhumanpopulations,andassociatedinfrastructureanddevelopment,islikelytohavedecreasedtheamountofhabitatavailablefortheturtle(5).
Conservation
Duetotheunsustainabletradeinthisspecies,theSouthAsianboxturtlewaslistedin2000onAppendixIIoftheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpecies(CITES),andthustradeshouldnowbestrictlycontrolledandmonitored(3).However,illegaltradestillposesasignificantproblem,forexample,HongKongdocumentedanillegalimportin2003ofover10,000specimens(7).Itisalsolikelytooccurinanumberofprotectedareasthroughoutitslargerange,butatpresenttherearenoknownspecificconservationmeasuresinplaceforthisturtle.Hopefullythedevastatingtradeinboxturtlescanbecontrolledbeforenumbersofthisfascinatingreptiledeclineanyfurther.
ViewinformationonthisspeciesattheUNEPWorldConservationMonitoringCentre.
Findoutmore
ForfurtherinformationontheconservationofAsianturtlessee:
∙AsianTurtleConservationNetwork:
www.asianturtlenetwork.org
Authentication
Thisinformationisawaitingauthenticationbyaspeciesexpert,andwillbeupdatedassoonaspossible.Ifyouareabletohelppleasecontact:
arkive@wildscreen.org.uk
Glossary
∙Crustaceans:
diversegroupofarthropods(aphylumofanimalswithjointedlimbsandahardchitinousexoskeleton)characterisedbythepossessionoftwopairsofantennae,onepairofmandibles(partsofthemouthpartsusedforhandlingandprocessingfood)andtwopairsofmaxillae(appendagesusedineating,whicharelocatedbehindthemandibles).Includescrabs,lobsters,shrimps,slaters,woodliceandbarnacles.
∙Incubation:
theactofincubatingeggs,thatis,keepingthemwarmsothatdevelopmentispossible.
∙Invertebrates:
animalswithnobackbone.
∙Molluscs:
adiversegroupofinvertebrates,mainlymarine,thathaveoneorallofthefollowing;
ahorny,toothedribboninthemouth(theradula),ashellcoveringtheuppersurfaceofthebody,andamantleormantlecavitywithatypeofgill.Includessnails,slugs,shellfish,octopusesandsquid.
∙Nocturnal:
activeatnight.
∙Scute:
alarge,bonyplateorscaleontheupperorlowershellofaturtle.
∙Subspecies:
apopulationusuallyrestrictedtoageographicalareathatdiffersfromotherpopulationsofthesamespecies,butnottotheextentofbeingclassifiedasaseparatespecies.
References
1.IUCNRedList(September,2008)
http:
//www.iucnredlist.org
2.Ernst,C.H.,Altenburg,R.G.M.andBarbour,R.W.(1997)TurtlesoftheWorld.ETIInformationSystemsLtd,Netherlands.Availableat:
//ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/turtles.php
3.CITES(September,2008)
//www.cites.org
4.AsianTurtleConservationNetwork(May,2007)
//www.asianturtlenetwork.org/field_guide/Cuora_amboinensis.htm
5.CITESProposalsforAmendmentsofAppendicesIandII(April,2000)
//www.cites.org/eng/cop/11/prop/36.pdf
6.Bonin,F.(2006)TurtlesoftheWorld.AandCBlack,London.
7.CITESConservationofandTradeinTortoisesandFreshwaterTurtles(October,2004)
//www.cites.org/eng/cop/13/doc/E13-33.pdf
Cuoraamboinensis,theMalaysianboxturtle,isamemberofGeoemydidaewithinCryptodira.TherearesixextantspeciesinthegenusCuora,andthethreespeciesofCistoclemmyswereformerlyconsideredpartofthisgenusaswell(Boninetal.,2006).ThephylogeneticpositionofGeoemydidaehasbeendebated(e.g.,McDowell,1964;
Hirayama,1984;
GaffneyandMeylan,1988;
Spinksetal.,2004),andthecladeiscurrentlyconsideredtobethesister-grouptoEmydidaewithinTestudinoidea(Joyce,2007).GeoemydidaeoriginatedintheTertiary,andisthereforearelativelyyoungturtleclade(ErnstandBarbour,1989;
Boninetal.,2006).
Cuoraamboinensishasasmall,shortskull.Thereisaplastralhingebetweenthehyoplastronandhypoplastronthatallowstheanimaltocompletelycloseitsshell,andtheplastronisconnectedtothecarapacebyaligament(ErnstandBarbour,1989).Thecarapaceisarched,andmayreachupto20cminlength.Thedigitsarepartiallywebbed.Cuoraamboinensisrangesincolorfromdarkgreentoblackdorsall
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