华中科技大学考博英语Word文档格式.docx
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华中科技大学考博英语Word文档格式.docx
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it.
Forsomecomputerowners,findingenoughstoragespacetoholdallthedatathey'
veacquiredisarealchallenge.Somepeopleinvestinlarger
harddrives.Othersprefer
external
storagedeviceslikethumbdrivesor
compactdiscs.Desperatecomputerownersmightdeleteentirefoldersworthofoldfilesinordertomakespacefornewinformation.
But
somearechoosingtorelyonagrowingtrend:
cloudstorage.
Whilecloudstoragesoundslikeithassomethingtodowithweather
fronts
andstormsystems,itreallyreferstosavingdata
to
anoff-sitestoragesystemmaintainedbyathirdparty.Insteadofstoringinformationtoyourcomputer'
sharddriveorotherlocalstoragedevice,yousaveittoaremotedatabase.The
Internet
providestheconnectionbetweenyourcomputerandthedatabase.
Onthesurface,cloudstoragehasseveraladvantages
over
traditionaldatastorage.Forexample,ifyoustoreyourdataonacloudstoragesystem,you'
llbeabletogettothatdatafromanylocationthathasInternetaccess.Youwouldn'
t
need
tocarryarounda
physical
storagedeviceorusethesamecomputertosaveand
retrieve
yourinformation.Withtherightstoragesystem,youcouldevenallowotherpeopletoaccessthedata,turningapersonalprojectintoa
collaborative
effort.&
Socloudstorageisconvenientandoffersmore
flexibility,buthowdoesitwork?
Findoutinthenextsection.
Therearehundredsofdifferentcloudstoragesystems.Somehaveaveryspecific
focus,suchasstoringWeb
messagesor
digitalpictures.Othersare
available
tostoreallformsofdigitaldata.Somecloudstoragesystemsaresmalloperations,whileothersaresolargethatthephysicalequipmentcanfill
up
anentirewarehouse.Thefacilitiesthat
house
cloudstoragesystemsarecalled
datacenters.
Atitsmostbasiclevel,acloudstoragesystemneedsjustonedataserver
connected
tothe
Internet.Aclient(e.g.,acomputerusersubscribingtoacloudstorageservice)sendscopiesoffilesovertheInternettothedataserver,whichthenrecordstheinformation.Whentheclientwishestoretrievetheinformation,heorsheaccessesthedataserverthroughaWeb-basedinterface.Theservertheneithersendsthefilesbacktotheclientorallowstheclienttoaccessandmanipulatethefilesontheserveritself.
Cloudstoragesystemsgenerally&
relyonhundredsofdataservers.Becausecomputers
occasionally
requiremaintenanceorrepair,it'
simportanttostorethesameinformationonmultiplemachines.Thisiscalled
redundancy.Withoutredundancy,acloudstoragesystemcouldn'
ensure
clientsthattheycouldaccesstheirinformationatanygiventime.Mostsystemsstorethesamedataon
servers
thatusedifferent
powersupplies.Thatway,clientscanaccesstheirdataevenifonepowersupplyfails.
Notallcloudstorageclientsareworriedaboutrunningoutofstoragespace.Theyusecloudstorageasawaytocreatebackupsofdata.Ifsomethinghappenstotheclient'
scomputersystem,thedatasurvivesoff-site.It'
sadigital-agevariationof"
don'
tputallyoureggsinonebasket."
Passage1
Recentyearshavebroughtminority-ownedbusinessesinthe
UnitedStates
unprecedentedopportunities-aswellasnewandsignificantrisks.CivilrightsactivistshavelongarguedthatoneoftheprincipalreasonswhyBlacks,Hispanics,andotherminoritygroupshavedifficultyestablishingthemselvesinbusinessisthattheylackaccesstothesizableordersandsubcontractsthataregeneratedbylargecompanies.NowCongress,inapparentagreement,hasrequiredbylawthatbusinessesawardedfederalcontractsofmorethan$500,000dotheirbesttofindminoritysubcontractorsandrecordtheireffortstodosoonformsfiledwiththegovernment.Indeed,somefederalandlocalagencieshavegonesofarastosetspecificpercentagegoalsforapportioningpartsofpublicworkscontractstominorityenterprises.
Corporateresponseappearstohavebeensubstantial.Accordingtofigurescollectedin1977,thetotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesrosefrom$77millionin1972to$1.1billionin1977.Theprojectedtotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesfortheearly1980'
sisestimatedtobeover53billionperyearwithnoletupanticipatedinthenextdecade.Promisingasitisforminoritybusinesses,thisincreasedpatronageposesdangersforthem,too.
First,minorityfirmsriskexpandingtoofastandoverextendingthemselvesfinancially,sincemostaresmallconcernsand,unlikelargebusinesses,theyoftenneedtomakesubstantialinvestmentsinnewplants,staff,equipment,andthelikeinordertoperformworksubcontractedtothem.If,thereafter,theirsubcontractsareforsomereasonreduced,suchfirmscanfacepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses.
Theworldofcorporatepurchasingcanbefrustratingforsmallentrepreneurswhogetrequestsforelaborateformalestimatesandbids.Bothconsumevaluabletimeandresources,andasmallcompany'
seffortsmustsoonresultinorders,orboththemoraleandthefinancialhealthofthebusinesswillsuffer.
AsecondriskisthatWhite-ownedcompaniesmayseektocashinontheincreasingapportionmentsthroughformationofjointventureswithminority-ownedconcerns.Ofcourse,inmanyinstancestherearelegitimatereasonsforjointventures;
clearly,Whiteandminorityenterprisescanteamuptoacquirebusinessthatneithercouldacquirealone.ButcivilrightsgroupsandminoritybusinessownershavecomplainedtoCongressaboutminoritiesbeingsetupas“fronts(aperson,group,orthingusedtomasktheidentityortruecharacteroractivityoftheactualcontrollingagent)”withWhitebacking,ratherthanbeingacceptedasfullpartnersinlegitimatejointventures.
Third,aminorityenterprisethatsecuresthebusinessofonelargecorporatecustomeroftenrunsthedangerofbecoming-andremaining-dependent.Eveninthebestofcircumstances,fiercecompetitionfromlarger,moreestablishedcompaniesmakesitdifficultforsmallconcernstobroadentheircustomerbases:
whensuchfirmshavenearlyguaranteedordersfromasinglecorporatebenefactor,theymaytrulyhavetostruggleagainstcomplacencyarisingfromtheircurrentsuccess.
1.Theprimarypurposeofthetextisto
[A]presentacommonplaceideaanditsinaccuracies.
[B]
describeasituationanditspotentialdrawbacks.
[C]proposeatemporarysolutiontoaproblem.
[D]analyzeafrequentsourceofdisagreement.
2.Thetextsuggeststhatthefailureofalargebusinesstohaveitsbidsforsubcontractsresultquicklyinordersmightcausesitto
[A]experiencefrustrationbutnotseriousfinancialharm.
[B]
facepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses.
[C]havetorecorditseffortsonformsfiledwiththegovernment.
[D]increaseitsspendingwithminoritysubcontractors.
3.Theauthorwouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcorporateresponsetoworkingwithminoritysubcontractors?
[A]Annoyedbytheproliferationof“front”organizations,corporationsarelikelytoreducetheireffortstoworkwithminority-ownedsubcontractorsinthenearfuture.
Althoughcorporationsshowedconsiderableinterestinworkingwithminoritybusinessesinthe1970’s,theiraversiontogovernmentpaperworkmadethemreluctanttopursuemanygovernmentcontracts.
[C]Thesignificantresponseofcorporationsinthe1970’sislikelytobesustainedandconceivablybeincreasedthroughoutthe1980’s.
[D]Althoughcorporationsareeagertocooperatewithminority-ownedbusinesses,ashortageofcapitalinthe1970’smadesubstantialresponseimpossible
4Accordingtothetext,civilrightsactivistsmaintainthatonedisadvantageunderwhichminority-ownedbusinesseshavetraditionallyhadtolaboristhattheyhave
[A]beenespeciallyvulnerabletogovernmentmismanagementoftheeconomy.
[B]
beendeniedbankloansatratescomparabletothoseaffordedlargercompetitors.
[C]nothadsufficientopportunitytosecurebusinesscreatedbylargecorporations.
[D]notbeenabletoadvertiseinthosemediathatreachlargenumbersofpotentialcustomers.
5Theauthorimpliesthataminority-ownedconcernthatdoesthegreaterpartofitsbusinesswithonelargecorporatecustomershould
[A]avoidcompetitionwithlarger,moreestablishedconcernsbynotexpanding.
【B】
concentratingonsecuringevenmorebusinessfromthatcorporation.
[C]useitsinfluencewiththecorporationtopromotesubcontractingwithotherminorityconcerns.
[D]trytoexpanditscustomerbasestoavoidbecomingdependentonthecorporation.
Passage2
Yearsofresearchhadeducatedmeabouthowsugar,fat,andsaltchangethebrain.Iunderstoodsomeoftheparallelsbetweenhyperpalatablefoodsanddrugsofabuse,andaboutthelinksamongsensorystimulation,cues,andmemory.I'
dmetenoughpeoplelikeClaudiaandMariatounderstandhoweventhethoughtoffoodcouldcausethemtolosecontrol.
ButIwasn'
tfullypreparedforthediscoveriesImadeaboutirresistibilityandwhoosh,theMonsterThickburgerandBaked!
CheetosFlamin'
Hot,aboutindulgenceandpurplecows.Withoutnecessarilyunderstandingtheunderlyingscience,thefoodindustryhasdiscoveredwhatsells.
IwassittingatChili'
sGrill&
Barin
Ch
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