材料概论英文版武汉理工大学文档格式.docx
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材料概论英文版武汉理工大学文档格式.docx
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Classification:
◆metalsandtheiralloys:
-metallicbonding
◆Organicpolymers:
Covalentbonding&
secondarybonding
◆Ceramics:
Ionicbonding&
covalentbonding
Metalsandtheiralloys:
◆aregoodconductorsofheatandelectricity;
◆areopaquetovisiblelight;
◆arehard,rigid;
◆canundergoplasticdeformation
◆haveahighmeltingtemperature<
Tm>
.
Organicpolymers:
◆madeupoflong-chainmolecules;
◆areelectricalandthermalinsulators;
◆arelightandeasilyformable;
◆thebest-knownorganicpolymersare:
☐poly<
vinylchloride>
<
聚氯乙烯,PVC>
;
☐polyethylene<
聚乙烯,PE>
☐polystyrene<
聚苯乙烯,PS>
。
Compositematerials:
Areconstitutedbytwoormoredifferentmaterialswithspecificproperties.
Ø
Glassfiberreinforcedresins:
lightweightcompositeswithhigh
mechanicalstrength
Concrete:
anagglomerationofcement,sand
andgravel
Mechanicalproperties:
☐Thebehaviorofmaterialsdeformedbyasetofforces.
☐弹性Elasticity
☐塑性Plasticity
☐强度Strength
☐硬度Hardness
☐韧性Toughness
☐疲劳特性Fatiguebehavior
☐耐磨性Abrasionresistance
Physicalproperties:
◆Thebehaviorofmaterialssubjectedtotheactionoftemperature,electricormagneticfields,orlight.
☐电性能Electricproperties
☐磁性能Magneticproperties
☐热性能Thermalproperties
☐光性能Opticalproperties
Chemicalproperties:
◆Thebehaviorofmaterialinareactiveenvironment.
◆抗腐蚀能力Corrosionresistance
☐Atmospherically,
☐Chemically<
salts,acid,alkali>
MaterialsEngineering:
◆Concernedwith
☐Manufacturing,
☐Transformation
☐Shaping
☐Processing.
Thethreemostcommoncrystalstructuresofmetalsare
☐Body-centeredcubicstructure,
☐Face-centeredcubicstructure,
☐Hexagonalclose-packedstructure
Productionofsteel:
◆Pigironcontainstoomuchcarbonandtoomanyimpuritiestobeuseddirectlyinmostapplications.
◆Itmustbeconvertedtosteelinoneofseveraltypesofconverters.Theseconvertersmaydifferinappearance,buttheydothesamething:
☐burnoffthecarbonintheiron.
☐Impuritiesareremovedasgasesandintheslag.
☐Phosphorusandsulfurarereducedtolessthan0.05percentofthesteel.
☐Manganesecontentisreducedtoanamountfrom0.2to2.0percent;
☐Siliconisreducedtoanamountfrom0.01to3.5percent.
Threeprimaryoresare
☐magnetite,
☐hematite,
☐taconite
铸铁概念:
castiron,essentiallyanalloyofiron,carbonandsilicon,iscomposedofironandfrom2to6.67percentcarbon,plusmanganese,sulfur,andphosphorus,andshapedbybeingcastinamold.Thetypesandpropertiesofcastiron;
whitecastiron<
hard,brittle>
graycastiron<
brittle,withstandlargecompressiveloadsbutsmalltensileloads>
alloycastiron,nodularorductilecastiron<
goodcastability,toughness,goodwearresistance,lowmeltingpoint,andhardenability>
malleablecastiron<
strength,toughness,ductility,andmachinability>
StainlessSteel:
●Ferritic
●Martensitic
●Austenitic
●PHAlloys
advantagesofusingAl:
one-thirdoftheweightofsteel;
goodthermalandelectricalconductivity;
highstrength-to-weightratio;
canbegivenahardsurfacebyanodizingandhardcoating;
mostalloysareweldable;
willnotrust;
highreflectivity;
canbediecast;
easilymachined;
goodformability;
nonmagnetic;
nontoxicandone–thirdofthestiffnessofsteel.
Magnesium:
1.Thelightestofallstructuralmetals2.Specificgravity:
1.75
3.Magnesiumweighs1.5timeslessthananequalvolumeofaluminumand4timeslessthanzinc.4.Highstrength,stiffness,dimensionalstability,5.Highstrength-to-weightratio.
Magnesiumalloyshave
☐relativelyhighthermalandelectricalconductivities;
☐goodenergyabsorptioncharacteristics;
☐Nonmagneticproperties
Thefourtypesofstresses:
ductility,tensilestrength,proportionallimit,elasticlimit,modulusofelasticity,resilience,yieldpoint,yieldstrength,ultimatestrength,andbreakingstrength
Fourbasictypesofstresses:
tensile,compressive,shear,torsion<
拉力,压力,剪切力,扭转力>
Metalsandnonmetals
◆Abilitytodonateelectronsandformapositiveion;
◆Crystallinestructure–grainstructure;
◆Highthermalandelectricalconductivity;
◆Abilitytobedeformedplastically,and
◆Metalliclusterorreflectivity
Crystallineunitstructures
◆Body-centeredcubic<
BCC>
◆Face-centeredcubic<
FCC>
◆Hexagonalclose-packed<
HCP>
◆Cubic
◆Body-centeredtetragonal
◆Rhombohedral
Thereareseveralfactorsthatmayspeedthecorrosionprocess.Amongthesefactorsare
☐anincreaseintemperature,
☐thepresenceofcertaingases,
☐environmentalfactorssuchasacidrain,
☐metalfatigue,
☐coldworking/forming,
☐andothersimilarfactors
Ceramiccompounds:
Canbedefinedasinorganiccompoundsmadebyheatingclayorothermineralmattertoahightemperatureatwhichtheypartiallymeltandbondtogether
CeramicsClassification
☐traditionalceramics:
derivedandprocessedfromclayornonclaymineralsincludingrefractories〔耐火材料>
whitewares,cement<
水泥>
porcelain<
瓷器>
andstructuralclayceramics.
☐advancedceramics:
highpurity,bettermechanical,electrical,magnetic,andopticalproperties
NatureofCeramics
◆Crystallinesolidscomposedofmetallicandnonmetallicmaterials
◆CeramicsarecrystalstructuresmadeofmetallicionsandInorganicmaterials
◆Bondingiseitherpartiallyorcompletelyionic.
◆Variablesinclude
☐Themagnitudeoftheelectricalchargeontheions;
☐Therelativesizeoftheions
PropertiesofCeramics
◆Corrosionresistance,chemicalinertness,thermalshockresistancewear-resistance
◆Electricalproperties:
solidelectrolytesinexperimentalbatteriesandfuelcells
◆Otheruses:
includeautomotivesensors,packagingforintegratedcircuits,electronic/opticaldevices,fiberoptics,microchips,andmagneticheads
PorosityandDensity
◆Massdensity,whichusesthemassofamaterialdividedbyitsvolumereferstothistheoreticaldensity
◆Atomicweightisamajorfactorindeterminingthedensityofamaterial
◆Close-packedmetalsaremoredensethanopen-structuredmaterials
◆Theoptimumdensityofsphericalparticlescanbereachedbyvaryingthesizedistributionofparticlestopermitsmallerparticles<
50nmorless>
tolocateintheinterstices<
空隙>
ofthelargerones.
CeramicProcessing
◆TraditionalProcessing
☐structuralclayproductsandthewhitewares.
☐Formation→Drying→Firing
◆AdvancedCeramicProcessing
1.制备工艺:
不再以熔炉为主要烧结工具,如真空烧结、气氛烧结、热压烧结、气压烧结等。
2.性能:
高强度、高硬度、耐腐蚀、导电、绝缘以及磁、电、光、生物相容性等。
Classificationofglassesaccordingtocompositions
◆Oxideglasses
◆ChalcogenideGlasses<
硫属化物玻璃>
◆Thioborateglasses<
B2S3>
硫硼玻璃>
◆Halideglasses<
BeF2,ZnCl2etc.>
卤化物玻璃>
◆Heavymetalfluorideglasses<
ZrF4>
重金属氟化玻璃>
◆Oxy-halideglasses<
氧卤玻璃>
◆Oxynitrideglasses<
氧氮玻璃>
◆Metallicglasses<
金属玻璃>
◆Glass-likeCarbon<
玻璃碳>
◆Silicaandsilicateglasses<
硅酸盐玻璃
◆B2O3andborateglasses<
硼酸盐玻璃
◆GeO2andgermanateglasses〔锗酸盐玻璃
◆P2O5andphosphateglasses〔磷酸盐玻璃
◆Complexoxideglasses
Theglasstransitionistheregionoftemperatureswherethepropertiesofacooledliquidcontinuouslychangefrombeing"
liquid-like"
to"
solid-like
Propertiesofglass
◆Density
☐Thedensityofmostglassesisdependentuponitsthermalhistoryanddecreaseswithtemperature
☐Glassescooledatvariousratesfromabovetheannealingpointwilldifferindensitywiththemorerapidlycooledglasseshavingalowerdensity
◆Hardness
☐Glassesarebrittleinamacroscopicscale,buttheycanflowundershearstressesinamicroscopicscale
☐Hardnessisapropertycloselyrelatedtothemechanicalstrengthofaglassandtoitslowtemperatureviscosity
◆Brittleness
☐Oneofthemaincausesofthislossofstrengthisthepresenceofsurfacedefects
☐Thestresswillconcentrateoveronlyafewinter-atomicbondsattheapex<
顶点>
ofthecrack
☐Iftheglassiscooledtoorapidlyitdoesnothavetimetoreleasestressessetupwithinitduringcooling.Thesestressesare"
frozen-in"
andcancausetheglasstoshatter<
粉碎>
whenitbecomesasolid.
◆OpticalProperties
☐Therefractiveindexdependsuponthewavelengthoflight,thedensity,temperature,thermalhistory,stress,andcompositionoftheglass
☐Glassesofhigherrefractiveindexhavegreaterdispersion.Thehighertheindex,themorethedispersiontendstoincreasewithdecreasingwavelength
☐Therefractiveindexofaglassanditschangewiththecompositionandheattreatmentareofprimaryimportanceforopticalglasses
Polymersaremacromoleculesbuiltupbythelinkingtogetheroflargenumbersofmuchsmallermolecules.Elastomers,Fibers,andPlastics
☐Thesmallmoleculesthatcombinewitheachothertoformpolymermoleculesaretermedmonomers〔单体.
☐Thereactionsbywhichtheycombinearetermedpolymerizations〔聚合.
Chainpolymerizationconsistsofasequenceofthreesteps:
Initiationreaction<
birth>
Propagationreaction<
growth>
Terminationreaction<
death>
ControlofTmandTg
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- 材料 概论 英文 武汉理工大学
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