自考英美文学选读英国部分文档格式.docx
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自考英美文学选读英国部分文档格式.docx
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4.TheRenaissancewastheEngland’sGoldenAge,especiallyinliterature.
5.HenryVIIInamed“DefenderoftheFaith”byPope.
6.WilliamCaxtonintroducedprintingintoEngland.WyattintroducedthePetrarchansonnetintoEngland,Surreyintroducedblankversewithhis“mightylines”.
7.TheElizabethandrama,initstotality,istherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.
8.InterludesandmoralityplaysthrivinginthemedievalperiodcontinuedtobepopulardowntoShakespeare’stime.ThemostfamousdramatistsareChristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeare,andBenJonson.
9.FrancisBacon,thefirstimportantEnglishessayist,isbestknownforhisessays.
Ⅲ.WilliamShakespeare
1.WilliamShakespeareisoneofthemostremarkableplaywrightsandpoets.Withhis38plays,154sonnetsand2longpoems,hehasestablishedhisgreatpositioninworldliterature.Healsohasbeengiventhehighestpraisesbyscholarsandcriticstheworldover.HewasbornprobablyonApril26,1564,anddiedonApril23,1616.
2.RobertGreene,oneofthe“UniversityWits”calledhim“anupstartcrow”.
3.Generally,hisdramaticcareerisdividedinto4periods.
TheFirstPeriod(1590-1594)theapprenticeship-fivehistoricalplays&
fourcomedies:
HenryⅥ,partⅠ(1590),HenryⅥ,partⅡ(1590),HenryⅥ,partⅢ(1591),RichardⅢ(1592),TitusAndronicus(1593),TheComedyofErrors(1592),TheTwoGentlemenofVerona(1594),TheTamingoftheShrew(1593),Love'
sLabor'
sLost(1594)
TheSecondPeriodhighlyindividualized-fivehistoricalplays,sixcomedies&
twotragedies:
RichardⅡ(1595),KingJohn(1596),HenryⅣ,PartⅠ&
PartⅡ(1597),HenryV(1598),AMidsummerNight'
sDream(1595),TheMerchantofVenice(1596),MuchAdoAboutNothing(1598),AsYouLikeIt(1599),TwelfthNight(1600),TheMerryWivesofWinsor(1598),Romeo&
Juliet(1595),JuliusCaesar(1599)
TheThirdPeriodtragediesanddarkcomedies-Seventragedies&
twodarkcomedies:
Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth,Antony&
Cleopatra,Troilus&
Cressida,Coriolonus,All'
sWellThatEndsWell,MeasureforMeasure
TheFourthPeriod-Romantictragic-comedies&
twoplays:
Pericles,Cymbeline,TheWinte'
sTale,TheTempest,HenryⅧ,TheTwoNobleKinsmen
4.Therearetwonarrativelongpoems:
Venus&
AdonisandTheRapeofLucrece,andhissequenceof154sonnets.
5.Shakespeare’ssonnetsaretheonlydirectexpressionofthepoets’ownfeelings.
6.Shakespeare’shistoryplaysaremainlywrittenundertheprinciplethatnationalunityunderamightyandjustsovereignisanecessity.
7.ThesuccessfulromantictragedyisRomeoandJuliet,whicheulogizesthefaithfulnessofloveandthespiritofpursuinghappiness.Itispermeatedwithoptimisticspirit.
8.Shakespeare’sgreatesttragediesare:
Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth.
1)Eachportrayssomenoblehero,whofacestheinjusticehumanlifeandiscaughtinadifficultsituationandwhosefateiscloselyconnectedwiththefateofthewholenation.
2)Eachherohashisweaknessofthenature:
Hamlet,themelancholicscholar-prince,facesthedilemmabetweenactionandmind;
Othello’sinnerweaknessismadeuseofbytheoutsideevilforce;
theoldkingLearwhoisunwillingtogiveuphispowermakeshimselfsufferfromtreacheryandinfidelity;
andMacbeth’lustforpowerstirsuphisambitionandleadshimtoincessantcrimes.
9.Heholdsthatliteratureshouldbeacombinationofbeauty,kindnessandtruth,andshouldreflectnatureandreality.
10.Hismajorcharactersareneithermerelyindividualonesnortypeones;
theyareindividualsrepresentingcertaintypes.Eachcharacterhashisorherownpersonalities;
meanwhile,theymaysharefeatureswithothers.Thesoliloquiesinhisplaysfullyrevealtheinnerconflictofhischaracters.Shakespearealsoportrayshischaractersinpairs.Contrastsarefrequentlyusedtobringvividnesstohischaracters.
11.Shakespeare'
splaysarewellknownfortheiradroitplotconstruction.Heseldominventshisownplots;
instead,heborrowsthemfromsomeoldplaysorstorybooks,orfromancientGreek&
Romansources.Thereareusuallyseveralthreadsrunningthroughtheplay,thusprovidingthestorywithsuspense&
apprehension.
12.Ironyisagoodmeansofdramaticpresentation.
13.Shakespeareisagainstreligiouspersecution&
racialdiscrimination,againstsocialinequality&
thecorruptinginfluenceofgold&
money.
14.Hisblandverseisespeciallybeautiful&
mighty.Hehasanamazingwealthofvocabulary&
idiom.Hiscoinageofnewwords&
distortionofthemeaningoftheoldonesalsocreatestrikingeffectsonthereader.
Shakespeare’sworks:
A.TheMerchantofVenice
Inhisromanticcomedies,Shakespearetakesoptimisticattitudetowardloveandyouth,andtheromanticelementsarebroughtintofullpay.ThemostimportantplayamongthecomediesisTheMerchant’sVenice.Theplayhasdoubleplot.
Theme:
topraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonio&
Bassanio,toidealizePortiaasaheroineofgreatbeauty,wit&
loyalty,&
toexposetheinsatiablegreed&
brutalityoftheJew.
B.Hamlet
HamletisgenerallyregardedasShakespeare'
smostpopularplayonthestage,forithasthequalityofexplorationoflife&
death.ShakespearetakesthebareoutlineofRevengeTragedy.Andthetimelessappealofthismightydramaliesinitscombinationofintrigue,emotionalconflict&
searchingphilosophicmelancholy.
TheplayopenswithHamlet,PrinceofDenmark,appearinginamoodofworld-wearinessoccasionedbyhisfather'
srecentdeath&
byhismother'
shastyremarriagewithClaudius,hisfather'
sbrother.Whileencounteringhisfather'
sghost,HamletisinformedthatClaudiushasmurderedhisfather&
thentakenoverbothhisfather'
sthrone&
widow.This,Hamlet,isurgedbytheghosttoseekrevengeforhisfather'
s"
foul&
mostunnaturalmurder."
Trappedinanightmareworldofspying,testing&
plotting,&
apparentlybearingtheintolerableburdenofthedutytorevengehisfather'
sdeath,Hamletisobligedtoinhabitashadowworld,tolivesuspendedbetweenfact&
fiction,language&
action.Hislifeisoneofconstantrole-playing,examiningthenatureofactiononlytodenyitspossibility,forheistoosophisticatedtodegradehisnaturetotheconventionalroleofastagerevenger.Hismindissospeculative,soquestioning,andsocontemplative.
BycharacterizingHamlet,Shakespearesuccessfullymakesaphilosophicalexplorationoflife&
deathandcondemnsthehypocrisyandtreacheryandgeneralcorruptionattheroyalcourt.
1)tobeornottobe:
toliveoninthisworldortodie;
tosufferortotakeaction.
C.TheTempest
TheTempest,anelaborate&
fantasticstory,isknownasthebestofhisfinalromances.Thecharactersareratherallegorical&
thesubjectfullofsuggestion.Thehumanlyimpossibleeventscanbeseenoccurringeverywhere,intheplay.Theplaywrightresortstothesupernaturalatmosphere&
tothedreamstosolvetheconflict.ToShakespeare,thewholelifeisnomorethanadream.Thus,TheTempestisatypicalexampleofhispessimisticviewtowardshumanlife&
societyinhislateyears.
D.Sonnet18
Sonnet18isoneofthemostbeautifulsonnetswrittenbyShakespeare.
aprofoundmeditationonthedestructivepoweroftime&
theeternalbeautybroughtforthbypoetrytotheoneheloves.Anicesummerisshort,butthebeautyinpoetrycanlastforever.ThusShakespearehasafaithinthepermanenceofpoetry.
1)asummer’sday:
Hereismayrefertoaperiodortheseasonofsummer.
2)Date:
theperiodofalease.
3)Untrimmed:
strippedofgayapparel.
4)Ow’st
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