10Criticizing an Argument.docx
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10Criticizing an Argument.docx
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10CriticizinganArgument
CriticizinganArgument
OverviewObjective
✧Learningtocritiqueatext
WritingSkillsinFocus
✧Readatextcritically
✧Raisequestionsabouttheauthor'spremises
✧Workoutone'sownopinionaboutthetext
Weencountermanyissuesaroundus,andwemayhavemanythingstosayabouteachoneofthem.This,however,maynotalwaysbeablessingforstudentwriters.Overwhelmedbymuchrawmaterial,wemayfailtopindowntheissueweshouldaddressbutinsteadonlybringupsomerelatedbutminormatters.Wemaydiscussmanythingsbutstillcannotconvinceanyreaderwhohasanindependentmind.Indeed,themostdifficultthingaboutwritinganargument,asmanystudentsputit,istocomeupwithgoodideas,ideasthatarewortharguingabout.
Inordertomakeasoundresponsetoanotherperson'sviewpoint,wemust,firstofall,carefullyexaminethisperson'sopinion.Therefore,criticalreadingbecomescrucialindevelopingagoodargument.Wemayreadforpleasureaswedowithnovels;wemayreadforinformationaswedowithnewspapers;andwemayalsoreadforgrammarpatternsandvocabularyassomeofusdointheintensivereadingclass.Criticalreadingisnotanyofthese.Instead,itinvolvesidentifyingtherealopinionwearetoaddressandexaminingthewaythisopinionisbeingsupported.
ThefollowingisataskthatlookslikeanyofthetasksinUnit9.
TASKONE
Readthefollowingspeech—averyfamousone—andwriteanessayinresponsetoit.Pleasedofollowthestepsonebyone,ratherthanpickupapenandstartwritingwithoutmuchcriticalexamination.
DevelopinganArgument
TheCommencementSpeech1You'llNeverHear2
JacobNeusner3
Wethefacultytakenoprideinoureducationalachievementswithyou.Wehavepreparedyouforaworldthatdoesnotexist,indeed,thatcannotexist.Youhavespentfouryearssupposingthatfailureleavesnorecord.YouhavelearnedatBrownthatwhenyourworkgoespoorly,thepainlesssolutionistodropout.Butstartingnow,intheworldtowhichyougo,failuremarksyou.Confrontingdifficultybyquittingleavesyouchanged.OutsideBrown,quittersarenoheroes.
Withusyoucouldargueaboutwhyyourerrorswerenoterrors,whymediocreworkreallywasexcellent,whyyoucouldtakeprideinroutineandslipshod4presentation.Mostofyou,afterall,canlookbackonhonorformostofwhatyouhavedone.So,heregradescanhavemeantlittleindistinguishingtheexcellentfromtheordinary.Buttomorrow,intheworldtowhichyougo,youhadbestnotdefenderrorsbutlearnfromthem.Youwillbeill-advisedtodemandpraiseforwhatdoesnotdeserveitandabusethosewhodonotgiveit.
Foryearswecreatedanaltogetherforgivingworld,inwhichwhateverslighteffortyougavewasallthatwasdemanded.Whenyoudidnotkeepappointments,wemadenewones.Whenyourworkcameinbeyondthedeadline,wepretendednottocare.
Worsestill,whenyouwereboring,weactedasifyouweresayingsomethingimportant.Whenyouweregarrulous5andtalkedtohearyourselvestalk,welistenedasifitmattered.Whenyoutossedonourdeskswritinguponwhichyouhadnotlabored,wereaditandevenresponded,asthoughyouearnedaresponse.Whenyouweredull,wepretendedyouweresmart.Whenyouwerepredictable,unimaginativeandroutine,welistenedasiftonewandwonderfulthings.Whenyoudemandedafreelunch6,weservedit.Andallthiswhy?
Despiteyourfantasies,itwasnoteventhatwewantedtobelikedbyyou.Itwasthatwedidnotwanttobebothered,andtheeasywayoutwaspretense:
smilesandeasyBs.
Itisconventionaltoquoteinaddressessuchasthese.Letmequotesomeoneyou'veneverheardof:
Prof.CarterA.Daniel,RutgersUniversity(ChronicleofHigherEducation,May7,1979):
Collegehasspoiledyoubyreadingpapersthatdon'tdeservetoberead,listeningtocommentsthatdon'tdeserveahearing,payingattentioneventothelazy,ill-informedandrude.Wehadtodoit,forthesakeofeducation.Butnobodywillever
1commencementspeech:
speechmadebyaninvitedspeakeratagraduationceremony
2ReprintedfromGuidelines:
aCross-CulturalReading/WritingText,byRuthSpack.NewYork:
St.Martin'sPress,1990.
3JacobNeusner(1932—):
ProfessoratBrownUniversityinRhodeIsland,U.S.A.ThisspeechwasoriginallypublishedinBrownUniversity'scampusnewspaper,DailyHerald,onJune12,1981.
4slipshod:
careless,notexactorthorough
5garrulous:
habituallytalkingtoomuch
6freelunch:
thingsthatappeartobefree.ThephrasecamefromThere’sNoSuchThingasaFreeLunch,titleofabookabouteconomicsinthe1970s.
CriticizinganArgument
doitagain.Collegehasdeprivedyouofadequatepreparationforthelast50years.Ithasfailedyoubybeingeasy,free,forgiving,attentive,comfortable,interesting,unchallengingfun.Goodlucktomorr
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