专业八级344Word格式文档下载.docx
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专业八级344Word格式文档下载.docx
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ConsiderationsofLearning-centeredTeaching
Ⅰ.Introduction
A.Goalofmostcourses:
toenhancestudents'
understanding
—differentunderstandingcallsfordifferentteachingmethods
B.Mostformsofunderstandingareexpressedbynew{{U}}{{U}}1{{/U}}{{/U}}
—example:
"
weight"
for"
heaviness"
C.Otherkindsoflearningbesidesunderstanding
1.Thekeylearningactivity:
{{U}}{{U}}2{{/U}}{{/U}}
2.Memorizingandrecalling{{U}}{{U}}3{{/U}}{{/U}}
3.Acquiringattitudesandvalues,etc.
—differentlearningcallsfordifferentteachingmethods.
Ⅱ.Waysofcategorizationandmodelingstudents
A.Holists:
studentswho{{U}}{{U}}4{{/U}}{{/U}}asawhole
B.Serialists:
studentswhobegin{{U}}{{U}}5{{/U}}{{/U}}
C.Visualisers:
studentswhodependonvisualmaterials
D.Verbalisers:
studentswhoprefertolisten,read,discuss,etc.
E.{{U}}{{U}}6{{/U}}{{/U}}:
studentswhobelievethattopracticeistounderstand
Ⅲ.Students'
approachestolearning
A.{{U}}{{U}}7{{/U}}{{/U}}:
intendingtofurtherunderstandingandquestionideas
B.{{U}}{{U}}8{{/U}}{{/U}}:
intendingtomemorizeinformationandobeyinstructions
Ⅳ.Courseevaluationthroughfeedback
A.Feedbackrevealsaboutthelearnersandthe{{U}}{{U}}9{{/U}}{{/U}}.
B.Feedbackcanbequite{{U}}{{U}}10{{/U}}{{/U}}unlessbeingproperlyanalyzed.
(分数:
填空项1:
__________________
(正确答案:
concepts)
解析:
[听力原文]
Goodmorning,everyone.Intoday'
slecture,weshalldiscusssomeconsiderationsoflearning-centeredteaching.
Firstofall,I'
dsay,mostcoursesoftodaytrytohelpstudentsdeveloptheirunderstanding.Butunderstandingaforeignlanguageisnotthesameasunderstandingwhysomeoneisupset,orunderstandingelectromagnetismorunderstandinghistory.Therefore,itisnottobeexpectedthatthesameteachingmethodswillbeappropriatetothesedifferentkindsofunderstanding.
ThenextpointI'
dliketomakeisthat,mostformsofunderstandingareexpressedbyconceptswhichdifferfromeverydayones.Forexample,weallknowthatsuitcasesgetheavierthelongeryoucarrythem,butinsciencethisisdescribedintermsof"
constantweightplusincreasingfatigue"
.Theconcept"
isintroducedandlaidalongsidethecommonsenseconceptof"
.Similarlyweallknowthattimepassesquicklywhenweareabsorbedandslowlywhenwearebored,butsciencetellsusthatthisisanillusion;
timereallyticksawayatasteadyrate.Notethatconceptualchangeshouldnotbetheaim,asissometimessuggested,sincepeoplestillalsoneedtheircommonsense.Theaimistoaddnewsetsofconceptsandtoexplainwhentousewhichset.
Thirdly,"
understanding"
isnottheonlykindoflearningwhichstudentsneedtomaster.Instruction,demonstrationanderror-correctionarethekeyteachingactivitieswhilepracticeisthemainlearningactivity.Studentsalsohavetomemorizeinformationandbeabletorecallitwhenrequired,aswellasacquireseveralotherkindsoflearning(suchasknow-howandattitudesandvalues)eachofwhichcallsfordifferentteachingmethods.Solearning-centeredteachingincludesaconsciousmatchingofteachingmethodstotheintendedkindoflearning.
Whilegoodteachinginvolves,amongotherthings,helpingstudentstoachievetheirchosenlearninggoals,thepictureisfurthercomplicatedbythedifferentlearningstylesadoptedbydifferentgroupsofstudents.Andthefollowingarewaysofcategorizationandmodelingstudents,whichareprovedtobeuseful,particularlyinconnectionwithunderstanding.
Firstly,I'
dliketocallsomestudents"
holists"
:
whichmeanstheyliketotakeanoverviewofasubjectfirstandthenfillinthedetailsandconceptsintheirownway.Secondly,thereare"
serialists"
wholiketofollowalogicalprogressionofasubject,beginningatthebeginning.EducationalresearcherGordonPaskstructuredsometeachingmaterialsinbothaholistandaserialistmanner,andthentestedpreviously-sortedcohortsofstudentsusingthem.Hefoundthatthebestperformanceofthosewhoweremismatched(thatisholiststudentswithserialistmaterial,andviceversa)wasworsethantheworstperformanceofthosewhowerematchedtothelearningmaterials.
Thisseemstoimply,forexample,thateducationaltextbooks—whicharenaturallyserialistincharacter—shouldincludesignposts,summaries,alternativeexplanationsofdifficultconcepts,explanatoryfigurecaptions,aglossaryofterms,agoodindex,etc.tohelpholiststudentsfindtheirownwaythroughthem.Similarlyprojects,whicharenaturallyholistincharacter,sincetheyareusuallyspecifiedintermsofafinalgoal,cancauseproblemsforserialists,whomaythereforeneedstep-by-stepguidance.
Thethirdgroupofstudentsare"
visualisers"
whoselearningishelpedbytheinclusionofdiagrams,pictures,flow-charts,films,etc.,whilethefourthgroupare"
verbalisers"
whoprefertolisten,read,discuss,argue,attendtutorialsandwriteduringtheirconceptualdevelopment.Finally,thefifthgroupare"
doers"
whofindthatovertpracticalactivityisbest.Thesayingthat"
tohearistoforget,toseeistoremember,buttodoistounderstand"
isonlytruefor"
.Withatypicalmixofstudents,attemptsshouldbemadetocatertoeachpreferredstyle.
Mythirdmainpointisaboutstudents'
approachestolearning.Itiswellknownnowadaysthatforthedevelopmentof"
andforthememorizationofinformation,itisimportantthatstudentsadopta"
deepapproach"
totheirlearning,ratherthana"
surfaceapproach"
.The"
referstoanintentiontodeveloptheirunderstandingandtochallengeideas,whilethe"
istheintentiontomemorizeinformationandtofollowinstructions.Althoughstudentsarenaturallyinclinedtowardsoneapproachratherthantheother—oftenwithanewsubjecttheinclinationistowardsthesurfaceapproach—thiscanvaryfromsubjecttosubjectandcanusuallybechangedbytheteachingtheyreceive.Overloading,forexample,willencouragethesurfaceapproach;
stimulatinginterestmayencouragethedeepapproach.Giventhedeepapproach,evengoodlecturescanmakeaconsiderablecontributiontostudents'
.
Recently,theneedtoencouragethedeepapproachinstudentshasbeenallowedtodominatethechoiceofteachingmethod,sometimesattheexpenseofeffectiveteaching.Constructivisminscienceteaching,forexample,inwhichstudentsareencouragedtodevisetheirownexplanationsofphenomena,certainlytendstoencouragethedeepapproach,butitcanalsoleavestudentswithmisconceptions.Similarly,thoughproblem-basedlearningisusuallypopularwithstudents,itteaches"
know-how"
ratherthan"
unlessexplicitconceptualguidanceisalsogiven.
ThelastpointIwantyoutopayattentiontoiscourseevaluationthroughfeedback.Itoftenseemstobeassumedthatstudentsareahomogeneousbunchandthatthereforeamajorityopinioncondemningacertainaspectofacoursejustifieschangingitforthefuture.Butthiscanwellbeamistake.Ifacourseiswellmatched,say,to"
holist"
and"
itisunlikelytobefoundveryhelpfulto"
serialist"
.Inotherwords,feedbackislikelytorevealasmuchaboutthestudentsasaboutthecourseorlecturer,andcanbequitemisleadingunlessitisproperlyanalyzedintermsofthepreferredlearningstylesoftheparticularcohortofstudents.
Indeed,studentfeedbackabouttheteachingof"
can,inanycase,bequitemisleading,sincestudentscannotbeexpectedtojudgewhathasbeenhelpfultothemuntilmuchofthenecessaryconceptualdevelopmenthasoccurred.Onlyafter"
thepennyhasdropped"
issuchfeedbacklikelytobereliable.Similarly,favorablefeedbackaboutthenecessarybuttediousp
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