文勇黄金阅读古代内欧的畜牧Word格式.docx
- 文档编号:20904935
- 上传时间:2023-01-26
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:9
- 大小:64.65KB
文勇黄金阅读古代内欧的畜牧Word格式.docx
《文勇黄金阅读古代内欧的畜牧Word格式.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《文勇黄金阅读古代内欧的畜牧Word格式.docx(9页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
————————————————————————————————日期:
智课网TOEFL备考资料
摘要:
刘文勇新托福黄金阅读最新版文本及答案,高清PDF格式支持免费下载,一共71篇,包括原刘文勇黄金阅读29篇,下面是文勇黄金阅读最新版:
古代内欧的畜牧,希望对大家备考托福阅读考试有所帮助。
文勇黄金阅读最新版:
PastoralisminAncientInnerEurasia古代内欧的畜牧
Pastoralismisalifestyleinwhicheconomicactivityisbasedprimarilyonlivestock.Archaeologicalevidencesuggeststhatby3000B.C.,andperhapsevenearlier,therehademergedonthesteppesofInnerEurasiathedistinctivetypesofpastoralismthatweretodominatetheregion'
shistoryforseveralmillennia.Here,thehorsewasalreadybecomingtheanimalofprestigeinmanyregions,thoughsheep,goats,andcattlecouldalsoplayavitalrole.ItistheuseofhorsesfortransportationandwarfarethatexplainswhyInnerEurasianpastoralismprovedthemostmobileandthemostmilitaristicofallmajorformsofpastoralism.TheemergenceandspreadofpastoralismhadaprofoundimpactonthehistoryofInnerEurasia,andalso,indirectly,onthepartsofAsiaandEuropejustoutsidethisarea.Inparticular,pastoralismfavorsamobilelifestyle,andthismobilityhelpstoexplaintheimpactofpastoralistsocietiesonthispartoftheworld.
Themobilityofpastoralistsocietiesreflectstheirdependenceonanimal-basedfoods.Whileagriculturalistsrelyondomesticatedplants,pastoralistsrelyondomesticatedanimals.Asaresult,pastoralists,likecarnivoresingeneral,occupyahigherpositiononthefoodchain.Allelsebeingequal,thismeanstheymustexploitlargerareasoflandthandoagriculturaliststosecurethesameamountoffood,clothing,andothernecessities.Sopastoralismisamoreextensivelifewaythanfarmingis.However,thelargertheterrainusedtosupportagroup,theharderitistoexploitthatterrainwhileremaininginoneplace.So,basicecologicalprinciplesimplyastrongtendencywithinpastoralistlifewaystowardnomadism(amobilelifestyle).AsthearchaeologistRogerCribbputsit,'
Thegreaterthedegreeofpastoralism,thestrongerthetendencytowardnomadism.'
AmodernTurkicnomadinterviewedbyCribbcommented:
"
Themoreanimalsyouhave,thefartheryouhavetomove.
Nomadismhasfurtherconsequences.Itmeansthatpastoralistsocietiesoccupyandcaninfluenceverylargeterritories.ThisisparticularlytrueofthehorsepastoralismthatemergedintheInnerEurasiansteppes,forthiswasthemostmobileofallmajorformsofpastoralismSo,itisnoaccidentthatwiththeappearanceofpastoralistsocietiesthereappearlargeareasthatsharesimilarcultural,ecological,andevenlinguisticfeatures.BythelatefourthmillenniumB.C.,thereisalreadyevidenceoflargeculturezonesreachingfromEastemEuropetothewesternbordersofMongolia.PerhapsthemoststrikingsignofmobilityisthefactthatbythethirdmillenniumB.C.,mostpastoralistsinthishugeregionspokerelatedlanguagesancestraltothemodemIndo-Europeanlanguages.
Theremarkablemobilityandrangeofpastoralsocietiesexplain,inpart,whysomanylinguistshavearguedthattheIndo-EuropeanlanguagesbegantheirastonishingexpansionistcareernotamongfarmersinAnatolia(present-dayTurkey),butamongearlypastoralistsfromInnerEurasia.SuchtheoriesimplythattheIndo-EuropeanlanguagesevolvednotinNeolithic(10,000to3,000B.C.)Anatolia,butamongtheforagingcommunitiesoftheculturesintheregionoftheDonandDnieperrivers,whichtookupstockbreedingandbegantoexploittheneighboringsteppes.
Nomadismalsosubjectspastoralistcommunitiestostrictrulesofportability.Ifyouareconstantlyonthemove,youcannotaffordtoaccumulatelargematerialsurpluses.Suchruleslimitvariationsinaccumulatedmaterialgoodsbetweenpastoralisthouseholds(thoughtheymayalsoencourageatasteforportablegoodsofhighvaluesuchassilksorjewelry).So,byandlarge,nomadismimpliesahighdegreeofself-sufficiencyandinhibitstheappearanceofanextensivedivisionoflabor.Inequalitiesofwealthandrankcertainlyexist,andhaveprobablyexistedinmostpastoralistsocieties,butexceptinperiodsofmilitaryconquest,theyarenormallytooslighttogeneratethestable,hereditaryhierarchiesthatareusuallyimpliedbytheuseofthetermclass.lnequalitiesofgenderhavealsoexistedinpastoralistsocieties,buttheyseemtohavebeensoftenedbytheabsenceofsteephierarchiesofwealthinmostcommunities,andalsobytherequirementthatwomenacquiremostoftheskillsofmen,including,often,theirmilitaryskills.
Paragraph1:
shistoryforseveralmillennia.Here,thehorsewasalreadybecomingtheanimalofprestigeinmanyregions,thoughsheep,goats,andcattlecouldalsoplayavitalrole.ItistheuseofhorsesfortransportationandwarfarethatexplainswhyInnerEurasianpastoralismprovedthemostmobileandthemostmilitaristicofallmajorforsofpastoralism.TheemergenceandspreadofpastoralismhadaprofoundimpactonthehistoryofInnerEurasia,andalso,indirectly,onthepartsofAsiaandEuropejustoutsidethisarea.Inparticular,pastoralismfavorsamobilelifestyle,andthismobilityhelpstoexplaintheimpactofpastoralistsocietiesonthispartoftheworld。
1.Theword“prestige”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○interest
○status
○demand
○profit
2.Accordingtoparagraph1,whatmadeitpossibleforInnerEurasianpastoralismtobecomethemostmobileandmilitaristicformofpastoralism?
○Itinvolvedthedomesticationofseveraltypesofanimals.
○Itwasbasedprimarilyonhorsesratherthanonotheranimals.
○ItborrowedandimproveduponEuropeanideasformobilityandwarfare.
○Itcouldbeadaptedtoawidevarietyofenvironments.
3.Theword"
profound”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○strange
○positive
○direct
○far-reaching
Paragraph2:
Themobilityofpastoralistsocietiesreflectstheirdependenceonanimal-basedfoods.Whileagriculturalistsrelyondomesticatedplants,pastoralistsrelyondomesticatedanimals.Asaresult,pastoraksts,likecarnivoresingeneral,occupyahigherpositiononthefoodchain.Allelsebeingequal,thismeanstheymustexploitlargerareasoflandthandoagriculturaliststosecurethesameamountoffood,clothing,andothernecessities.Sopastoralismisamoreextensivelifewaythanfarmingis.However,thelargertheterrainusedtosupportagroup,theharderitistoexploitthatterrainwhileremaininginoneplace.So,basicecologicalprinciplesimplyastrongtendencywithinpastoralistlifewaystowardnomadism(amobilelifestyle).AsthearchaeologistRogerCribbputsit,'
4.Inparagraph2,whydoestheauthorcontrastpastoralistswithagriculturalists?
○Toexplainwhypastoralismrequiresmorelandthanagriculturalismtosupportbasicneeds
○Toidentifysomeadvantagesthatmobilesocietieshaveoverimmobilesocieties
○Todemonstratethatecologicalprinciplesthatapplytopastoralismdonotapplytoagriculturalism
○Toarguethatagriculturalismeventuallydevelopedoutofpastoralism
5.Accordingtoparagraph2,pastoraliststendto
○prefergrazingtheiranimalsonagriculturallands
○consumecomparativelylargeamountsoffoodandclothing
○avoideatingplantfoods
○movefromplacetoplacefrequently
Paragraph3:
6.Inparagraph3,whydoestheauthordiscusslanguagesspokenintheregionspanningfromEasternEuropetothewestembordersofMongolia?
○ToemphasizethefrequencywithwhichIndo-Europeanlanguageschangedasaresultofthemobilenatureofpastoralism
○ToindicateonemethodlinguistsusetodeterminethatinhabitantsoftheDonandDnieperriverareahadtakenupstockbreeding
○ProvideevidencethatIndo-EuropeanlanguageshavetheirrootsinwhatisnowTurkey
○Toprovideevidence
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 黄金 阅读 古代 畜牧