语音知识Word文件下载.docx
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语音知识Word文件下载.docx
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vowelsound
wewrite
wesay
A
theapple
theeapple
E
theegg
theeegg
I
theice-cream
theeice-cream
O
theorange
theeorange
U
theuglifruit
theeuglifruit
Itisimportanttounderstandthatitiswhatwesaythatmatters,notwhatwewrite.Itisthesoundthatmatters,nottheletterusedinwritingaword.Soweusealong"
beforeavowelsound,notnecessarilybeforeavowel.Lookatthesecases:
with
thehouse
consonant(h)
thuhhouse
consonantsound
thehour
theeour
theuniversity
vowel(u)
thuhyouniversity
theumbrella
theeumbrella
HowtoPronounce-edinEnglish
Thepastsimpletenseandpastparticipleofallregularverbsendin-ed.Forexample:
baseverb
(v1)
pastsimple
(v2)
pastparticiple
(v3)
work
worked
Inaddition,manyadjectivesaremadefromthepastparticipleandsoendin-ed.Forexample:
∙Ilikepaintedfurniture.
Thequestionis:
Howdowepronouncethe-ed?
Theansweris:
In3ways-/Id/or/t/or/d/
Ifthebaseverbendsinoneofthesesounds:
examplebaseverb*:
example
with-ed:
pronounce
the-ed:
extrasyllable?
unvoiced
/t/
want
wanted
/Id/
yes
voiced
/d/
end
ended
/p/
hope
hoped
/t/
no
/f/
laugh
laughed
/s/
fax
faxed
/S/
wash
washed
/tS/
watch
watched
/k/
like
liked
allothersounds,
forexample...
play
played
/d/
allow
allowed
beg
begged
*notethatitisthesoundthatisimportant,nottheletterorspelling.Forexample,"
fax"
endsintheletter"
x"
butthesound/s/;
"
like"
e"
butthesound/k/.
Exceptions
Thefollowing-edwordsusedasadjectivesarepronouncedwith/Id/:
∙aged
∙blessed
∙crooked
∙dogged
∙learned
∙naked
∙ragged
∙wicked
∙wretched
LinkinginEnglish
WhenwesayasentenceinEnglish,wejoinor"
link"
wordstoeachother.Becauseofthislinking,thewordsinasentencedonotalwayssoundthesameaswhenwesaythemindividually.LinkingisveryimportantinEnglish.Ifyourecognizeanduselinking,twothingswillhappen:
1.youwillunderstandotherpeoplemoreeasily
2.otherpeoplewillunderstandyoumoreeasily
Therearebasicallytwotypesoflinking:
∙consonant>
vowel
Welinkwordsendingwithaconsonantsoundtowordsbeginningwithavowelsound
∙vowel>
Welinkwordsendingwithavowelsoundtowordsbeginningwithavowelsound
Inthislessonwelookat:
∙UnderstandingVowelsandConsonants
∙LinkingConsonanttoVowel
∙LinkingVoweltoVowel
UnderstandingVowels&
ConsonantsforLinking
Tounderstandlinking,itisimportanttoknowthedifferencebetweenvowelsoundsandconsonantsounds.HereisatableofEnglishvowelsandconsonants:
vowels
a
e
i
o
u
consonants
b
c
d
f
g
h
j
k
l
m
n
p
q
r
s
t
v
w
x
y
z
Thetableshowsthelettersthatarevowelsandconsonants.Buttheimportantthinginlinkingisthesound,nottheletter.Oftentheletterandthesoundarethesame,butnotalways.
Forexample,theword"
pay"
endswith:
∙theconsonantletter"
y"
∙thevowelsound"
a"
Herearesomemoreexamples:
though
know
endswiththeletter
endswiththesound
uniform
honest
beginswiththeletter
beginswiththesound
LinkingConsonanttoVowel
Whenawordendsinaconsonantsound,weoftenmovetheconsonantsoundtothebeginningofthenextwordifitstartswithavowelsound.
Forexample,inthephrase"
turnoff"
:
Wewriteitlikethis:
turn
off
Wesayitlikethis:
tur
noff
Rememberthatit'
sthesoundthatmatters.Inthenextexample,"
have"
∙theletter"
(vowel)
∙thesound"
v"
(consonant)
Sowelink"
tothenextword"
whichbeginswithavowelsound:
CanIhaveabitofegg?
Ca-nI-ha-va-bi-to-fegg?
LinkingVoweltoVowel
Whenonewordendswithavowelsoundandthenextwordbeginswithavowelsound,welinkthewordswithasortofWorYsound.
oo
º
Ifourlipsareroundattheendofthefirstword,weinsertaWsound:
toooften
whois
soI
doall
tooWoften
whoWis
soWI
doWall
–
Ifourlipsarewideattheendofthefirstword,weinsertaYsound:
Iam
Kayis
theend
sheasked
IYam
KayYis
theYend
sheYasked
RulesofWordStressinEnglish
Therearetwoverysimplerulesaboutwordstress:
1.Onewordhasonlyonestress.(Onewordcannothavetwostresses.Ifyouheartwostresses,youheartwowords.Twostressescannotbeoneword.Itistruethattherecanbea"
secondary"
stressinsomewords.Butasecondarystressismuchsmallerthanthemain[primary]stress,andisonlyusedinlongwords.)
2.Wecanonlystressvowels,notconsonants.
Herearesomemore,rathercomplicated,rulesthatcanhelpyouunderstandwheretoputthestress.Butdonotrelyonthemtoomuch,becausetherearemanyexceptions.Itisbettertotryto"
feel"
themusicofthelanguageandtoaddthestressnaturally.
1Stressonfirstsyllable
rule
Most2-syllablenouns
CHIna,TAble,EXport
Most2-syllableadjectives
SLENder,CLEVer,HAPpy
2Stressonlastsyllable
Most2-syllableverbs
toexPORT,todeCIDE,tobeGIN
3Stressonpenultimatesyllable(penultimate=secondfromend)
Wordsendingin-ic
GRAPHic,geoGRAPHic,geoLOGic
Wordsendingin-sionand-tion
teleVIsion,reveLAtion
Forafewwords,nativeEnglishspeakersdon'
talways"
agree"
onwheretoputthestress.Forexample,somepeoplesay"
teleVIsion"
andotherssay"
TELevision"
.Anotherexampleis:
CONtroversy"
and"
conTROversy"
4Stressonante-penultimatesyllable(ante-penultimate=thirdfromend)
Wordsendingin-cy,-ty,-phyand-gy
deMOcracy,dependaBIlity,phoTOgraphy,geOLogy
Wordsendingin-al
CRItical,geoLOGical
5Compoundwords(wordswithtwoparts)
Forcompoundnouns,thestressisonthefirstpart
BLACKbird,GREENhouse
Forcompoundadjectives,thestressisonthesecondpart
bad-TEMpered,old-FASHioned
Forcompoundverbs,thestressisonthesecondpart
tounderSTAND,tooverFLOW
WhatisWordStress?
InEnglish,wedonotsayeachsyllablewiththesameforceorstrength.Inoneword,weaccentuateONEsyllable.Wesayonesyllableveryloudly(big,strong,important)andalltheothersyllablesveryquietly.
Let'
stake3words:
photograph,photographerandphotographic.Dotheysoundthesamewhenspoken?
No.Becauseweaccentuate(stress)ONEsyllableineachword.Anditisnotalwaysthesamesyllable.Sotheshapeofeachwordisdifferent.
clickwordtohear
shape
total
syllables
stressed
syllable
PHO
TO
GRAPH
3
#1
TO
GRAPH
ER
4
#2
GRAPH
IC
#3
ThishappensinALLwordswith2ormoresyllables:
TEACHer,JaPAN,CHINa,aBOVE,converSAtion,INteresting,imPORtant,deMAND,etCETera,etCETera,etCETera
Thesyllablesthatarenotstressedare‘weak’or‘small’or‘quiet’.NativespeakersofEnglishlistenfortheSTRESSEDsyllables,nottheweaksyllables.Ifyouusewordstressinyourspeech,youwillinstantlyandautomaticallyimproveyourpronunciationandyourcomprehension.
TrytohearthestressinindividualwordseachtimeyoulistentoEnglish-ontheradio,orinfilmsforexample.YourfirststepistoHEARandrecogniseit.Afterthat,youcanUSEit!
Therearetwoveryimportantrulesaboutwordstress:
1.Oneword,onestress.(Onewordcannothavetwostresses.Soifyouheartwostresses,youhaveheardtwowords,notoneword.)
2.Thestressisalwaysonavowel.
WhyisWordStressImportant?
>
RulesforSentenceStressinEnglish
Thebasicrulesofsentencestressare:
1.contentwordsarestressed
2.structurewordsareunstressed
3.thetimebetweenstressedwordsisalwaysthesame
Thefollowingtablescanhelpyoudecidewhichwordsarecontentwordsandwhichwordsarestructurewords:
Contentwords-stressed
Wordscarryingthemeaning
Example
mainverbs
SELL,GIVE,EMPLOY
nouns
CAR,MUSIC,MARY
adjectives
RED,BIG,INTERESTING
adverbs
QUICKLY,LOUDLY,NEVER
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