讲义Nelson Rolihlahla MandelaWord文档下载推荐.docx
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讲义Nelson Rolihlahla MandelaWord文档下载推荐.docx
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Mandelawasacontroversialfigureformuchofhislife.Denouncedasacommunistterroristbycritics,heneverthelessgainedinternationalacclaimforhisactivism,havingreceivedmorethan250honours,includingthe1993NobelPeacePrize,theUSPresidentialMedalofFreedom,andtheSovietOrderofLenin.HeisheldindeeprespectwithinSouthAfrica,whereheisoftendescribedas"
thefatherofthenation"
.
EarlyLife:
Mandelawasbornon18July1918inthevillageofMvezoinUmtata,thenapartofSouthAfrica'
sCapeProvince.
"
Nooneinmyfamilyhadeverattendedschool.Onthefirstdayofschool,myteacher,MissMdingane,gaveeachofusanEnglishname.ThiswasthecustomamongAfricansinthosedaysandwasundoubtedlyduetotheBritishbiasofoureducation.Thatday,MissMdinganetoldmethatmynewnamewasNelson.WhythisparticularnameIhavenoidea."
Laterstatingthathisearlylifewasdominatedby"
custom,ritualandtaboo"
Mandelagrewupwithtwosistersinhismother'
skraalinthevillageofQunu,wherehetendedherdsasacattle-boy,spendingmuchtimeoutsidewithotherboys.Bothhisparentswereilliterate,butbeingadevoutChristian,hismothersenthimtoalocalMethodistschoolwhenhewasaboutseven.BaptisedaMethodist,MandelawasgiventheEnglishforenameof"
Nelson"
byhisteacher.WhenMandelawasaboutnine,hisfathercametostayatQunu,wherehediedofanundiagnosedailmentwhichMandelabelievedtobelungdisease.Feeling"
cutadrift"
helatersaidthatheinheritedhisfather'
s"
proudrebelliousness"
and"
stubbornsenseoffairness"
Revolutionaryactivity
BeginninglawstudiesattheUniversityofWitwatersrand,MandelawastheonlynativeAfricanstudent,andthoughfacingracism,hebefriendedliberalandcommunistEuropean,Jewish,andIndianstudents.JoiningtheANC,MandelawasincreasinglyinfluencedbySisulu,spendingmuchtimewithotheractivistsatSisulu'
sOrlandohouse,includingoldfriendOliverTambo.In1943,MandelametAntonLembede,anAfricannationalistvirulentlyopposedtoaraciallyunitedfrontagainstcolonialismandimperialismortoanalliancewiththecommunists.Despitehisfriendshipswithnon-blacksandcommunists,MandelasupportedLembede'
sviews,believingthatblackAfricansshouldbeentirelyindependentintheirstruggleforpoliticalself-determination.DecidingontheneedforayouthwingtomassmobiliseAfricansinoppositiontotheirsubjugation,MandelawasamongadelegationthatapproachedANCPresidentAlfredBitiniXumaonthesubjectathishomeinSophiatown;
theAfricanNationalCongressYouthLeague(ANCYL)wasfoundedonEasterSunday1944intheBantuMen'
sSocialCentreinEloffStreet,withLembedeasPresidentandMandelaasamemberoftheexecutivecommittee.
InJuly1947,MandelarushedLembede,whowasill,tohospital,wherehedied;
hewassucceededasANCYLpresidentbythemoremoderatePeterMda,whoagreedtoco-operatewithcommunistsandnon-blacks,appointingMandelaANCYLsecretary.MandeladisagreedwithMda'
sapproach,inDecember1947supportinganunsuccessfulmeasuretoexpelcommunistsfromtheANCYL,consideringtheirideologyun-African.In1947,MandelawaselectedtotheexecutivecommitteeoftheTransvaalANC,servingunderregionalpresidentC.S.Ramohanoe.WhenRamohanoeactedagainstthewishesoftheTransvaalExecutiveCommitteebyco-operatingwithIndiansandcommunists,Mandelawasoneofthosewhoforcedhisresignation.
IntheSouthAfricangeneralelection,1948,inwhichonlywhiteswerepermittedtovote,theAfrikaner-dominatedHerenigdeNasionalePartyunderDanielFranç
oisMalantookpower,soonunitingwiththeAfrikanerPartytoformtheNationalParty.Openlyracialist,thepartycodifiedandexpandedracialsegregationwiththenewapartheidlegislation.GainingincreasinginfluenceintheANC,Mandelaandhiscadresbeganadvocatingdirectactionagainstapartheid,suchasboycottsandstrikes,influencedbythetacticsofSouthAfrica'
sIndiancommunity.Xumadidnotsupportthesemeasuresandwasremovedfromthepresidencyinavoteofnoconfidence,replacedbyJamesMorokaandamoremilitantcabinetcontainingSisulu,Mda,TamboandGodfreyPitje;
Mandelalaterrelatedthat"
WehadnowguidedtheANCtoamoreradicalandrevolutionarypath."
Havingdevotedhistimetopolitics,MandelafailedhisfinalyearatWitwatersrandthreetimes;
hewasultimatelydeniedhisdegreeinDecember1949.
DefianceCampaignandTransvaalANCPresidency:
1950–1954
MandelatookXuma'
splaceontheANCNationalExecutiveinMarch1950.Thatmonth,theDefendFreeSpeechConventionwasheldinJohannesburg,bringingtogetherAfrican,Indianandcommunistactiviststocallananti-apartheidgeneralstrike.MandelaopposedthestrikebecauseitwasnotANC-led,butamajorityofblackworkerstookpart,resultinginincreasedpolicerepressionandtheintroductionoftheSuppressionofCommunismAct,1950,affectingtheactionsofallprotestgroups.In1950,MandelawaselectednationalpresidentoftheANCYL;
attheANCnationalconferenceofDecember1951,hecontinuedarguingagainstaraciallyunitedfront,butwasoutvoted.
In1952,theANCbeganpreparationforajointDefianceCampaignagainstapartheidwithIndianandcommunistgroups,foundingaNationalVoluntaryBoardtorecruitvolunteers.DecidingonapathofnonviolentresistanceinfluencedbyMahatmaGandhi,someconsideredittheethicaloption,butMandelainsteadconsidereditpragmatic.AtaDurbanrallyon22June,Mandelaaddressedanassembledcrowdof10,000,initiatingthecampaignprotests,forwhichhewasarrestedandbrieflyinternedinMarshallSquareprison.Withfurtherprotests,theANC'
smembershipgrewfrom20,000to100,000;
thegovernmentrespondedwithmassarrests,introducingthePublicSafetyAct,1953topermitmartiallaw.InMay,authoritiesbannedTransvaalANCPresidentJ.B.Marksfrommakingpublicappearances;
unabletomaintainhisposition,herecommendedMandelaashissuccessor.Althoughtheultra-AfricanistBafabegiyagroupopposedhiscandidacy,MandelawaselectedregionalpresidentinOctober.
On30July1952,MandelawasarrestedundertheSuppressionofCommunismActandstoodtrialasapartofthe21accused–inJohannesburg.Foundguiltyof"
statutorycommunism"
theirsentenceofninemonths'
hardlabourwassuspendedfortwoyears.InDecember,Mandelawasgivenasix-monthbanfromattendingmeetingsortalkingtomorethanoneindividualatatime,makinghisTransvaalANCpresidencyimpractical.TheDefianceCampaignpeteredout.InSeptember1953,AndrewKunenereadoutMandela'
NoEasyWalktoFreedom"
speechataTransvaalANCmeeting;
thetitlewastakenfromaquotebyIndianindependenceleaderJawaharlalNehru,aseminalinfluenceonMandela'
sthought.ThespeechlaidoutacontingencyplanforascenarioinwhichtheANCwasbanned.ThisMandelaPlan,orM-Plan,involveddividingtheorganisationintoacellstructurewithamorecentralisedleadership.
Theapartheidsystempervadedallareasoflife.
On5December1956,MandelawasarrestedalongsidemostoftheANCExecutivefor"
hightreason"
againstthestate.HeldinJohannesburgPrisonamidmassprotests,theyunderwentapreparatoryexaminationinDrillHallon19December,beforebeinggrantedbail.
InApril1959,militantAfricanistsdissatisfiedwiththeANC'
sunitedfrontapproachfoundedthePan-AfricanCongress(PAC);
Mandela'
sfriendRobertSobukwewaselectedpresident,thoughMandelathoughtthegroup"
immature"
.Bothpartiescampaignedforananti-passcampaigninMay1960,inwhichAfricansburnedthepassesthattheywerelegallyobligedtocarry.OneofthePAC-organiseddemonstrationswasfireduponbypolice,resultinginthedeathsof69protestersintheSharpevillemassacre.Insolidarity,MandelapubliclyburnedhispassasriotingbrokeoutacrossSouthAfrica,leadingthegovernmenttoproclaimmartiallaw.UndertheStateofEmergencymeasures,Mandelaandotheractivistswerearrestedon30March,imprisonedwithoutchargeintheunsanitaryconditionsofthePretoriaLocalprison,andtheANCandPACwerebannedinApril.Thismadeitdifficultfortheirlawyerstoreachthem,anditwasagreedthatthedefenceteamfortheTreasonTrialshouldwithdrawinprotest.Representingthemselvesincourt,theaccusedwerefreedfromprisonwhenthestateofemergencywasliftedinlateAugust.MandelausedhisfreetimetoorganiseanAll-InAfricanConferencenearPietermaritzburg,Natal,in
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