美国宪法英文Word格式文档下载.docx
- 文档编号:20844827
- 上传时间:2023-01-26
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:16
- 大小:29.08KB
美国宪法英文Word格式文档下载.docx
《美国宪法英文Word格式文档下载.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《美国宪法英文Word格式文档下载.docx(16页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
Bythemid-1780s,theweaknessesoftheArticlesofConfederationhadbecomecleartomanyobservers.IntheirreactiontowhattheyconsideredtheauthoritariangovernmentofGeorgeIII,theframersoftheArticleshaddeliberatelycreatedaweakgovernment,althoughtheybelievedthatithadsufficientpowerstogovern.Thatassumptionprovedfalse.Amongitsotherdefects,theArticlesofConfederationgavetheCongressnopowertotaxortoregulatecommerceamongthestates,itlackedbothexecutiveandjudicialbranches,andamendingtheArticlesrequiredunanimityofallthestates.
JamesMadisonofVirginia,workingwiththeblessingofGeorgeWashington,ledthedrivetogetCongresstocallaconventionfortheexpresspurposeofrevisingtheArticlesofConfederation.ButoncethedelegateshadgatheredinPhiladelphiainthesummerof1787,theytookthebitintheirteethanddecidedtodraftanentirelynewdocument,onethatwouldmeetwhattheyperceivedtobethecurrentandfutureneedsofthecountry.
GovernmentundertheConstitutionremainedfederalinnature,thatis,powerwassharedbetweenthestatesandthenationalgovernment.ButwhereundertheArticlesthestateshadbeenthedominantforce,undertheConstitutionthenationalgovernmentwouldbesupreme.Theframerssawbothstateandnationalgovernmentsasactiveparticipantsinthepoliticalprocess.
OneofthekeyfeaturesintheConstitution,andonethatwouldbecomeacriticalfactorinthenineteenthcentury,isthatthesourceofsovereignty,thesourceoftheauthorityforthedocument,isthecitizenry."
WethePeopleoftheUnitedStates"
ordainandestablishtheConstitution.ThisisadirectlinktotheDeclarationofIndependence,whichdeclaredthatgovernmentsderivetheirlegitimacyfromtheconsentofthegoverned.
PerhapsthemoststrikingfeatureoftheConstitutionwashowextensivelyitimplementedtheprevailingnotionsofseparationofpowers.Clearlinesdividedthelegislative,executiveandjudicialbranches.InasharpdeparturefromtheirexperienceundertheArticles,theframersputagreatdealofpowerinthehandsofthepresident.Atthesametime,asystemofchecksandbalancesensuredthatnoonebranchofthegovernmentwoulddominatetheothers.
InthedebateoverratificationoftheConstitutionthattookplaceinthefallandwinterof1787-88,proponentsofthenewdocument--calledFederalists--claimedthatnotonlywoulditremedythedefectsoftheArticlesofConfederation,butitwouldprovideastrongyetlimitedgovernmentthatwouldensurethepeaceandsecurityofthenewnation.ThoseopposedtotheConstitution--knownasAnti-Federalists--operatedatadisadvantage,becausetheyrecognizedandadmittedthatthegovernmentundertheArticleshadnotbeenasuccess.Theydid,however,demandthatasapriceofratificationabillofrightsshouldbeadded.TheFederalistsbelievedthatnosuchlistingwasnecessary,becauseasagovernmentoflimitedpowers,thenewgovernmentwouldhavenoauthoritytoinvadetherightsofthecitizens.ButasThomasJeffersonexplainedtoJamesMadison,"
Abillofrightsiswhatthepeopleareentitledtoagainsteverygovernmentonearth,generalorparticular,andwhatnojustgovernmentshouldrefuse,orrestuponinferences."
WiththeratificationoftheConstitution,thenewgovernmentmetinthespringof1789,andCongressimmediatelyadoptedandsenttothestatesaseriesofproposedamendments.Thestatesratifiedtenofthemby1791,andthesehavesincebeenknownastheBillofRights.Otheramendmentshavefollowed,afewofthemprimarilytechnicalinnature,butforthemostparttheyhaveexpandedthedemocraticnatureofAmericansociety--byabolishingslavery,wideningthesuffrageormakinggovernmentmoreresponsivetothepeople,asinthedirectelectionofsenators.
TheConstitutionhasservedthepeopleoftheUnitedStatesadmirablyforover200years,inpartbecausetheframerswerewiseenoughtorecognizethattheycouldnotforeseeeveryproblem.Thosewhofollowedthemthushadtheabilitytotakethedocumentandadaptittonewneedsandnewconditions.
Forfurtherreading:
MichaelKammen,ed.,TheOriginsoftheAmericanConstitution:
ADocumentaryHistory(1986);
ForrestMcDonald,NovusOrdoSeclorum:
TheIntellectualOriginsoftheConstitution(1985);
ClintonRossiter,1787:
TheGrandConvention(1966);
ClintonRossiter,ed.,TheFederalistPapers(1961).
ConstitutionoftheUnitedStates
WethePeopleoftheUnitedStates,inOrdertoformamoreperfectUnion,establishJustice,insuredomesticTranquility,provideforthecommondefence,promotethegeneralWelfare,andsecuretheBlessingsofLibertytoourselvesandourPosterity,doordainandestablishthisConstitutionfortheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
Article1
Section1.AlllegislativePowershereingrantedshallbevestedinaCongressoftheUnitedStates,whichshallconsistofaSenateandHouseofRepresentatives.
Section2.TheHouseofRepresentativesshallbecomposedofMemberschoseneverysecondYearbythePeopleoftheseveralStates,andtheElectorsineachStateshallhavetheQualificationsrequisiteforElectorsofthemostnumerousBranchoftheStateLegislature.
NoPersonshallbeaRepresentativewhoshallnothaveattainedtotheAgeoftwentyfiveYears,andbeensevenYearsaCitizenoftheUnitedStates,andwhoshallnot,whenelected,beanInhabitantofthatStateinwhichheshallbechosen.
RepresentativesanddirectTaxesshallbeapportionedamongtheseveralStateswhichmaybeincludedwithinthisUnion,accordingtotheirrespectiveNumbers,whichshallbedeterminedbyaddingtothewholeNumberoffreePersons,includingthoseboundtoServiceforaTermofYears,andexcludingIndiansnottaxed,threefifthsofallotherPersons.TheactualEnumerationshallbemadewithinthreeYearsafterthefirstMeetingoftheCongressoftheUnitedStates,andwithineverysubsequentTermoftenYears,insuchMannerastheyshallbyLawdirect.TheNumberofRepresentativesshallnotexceedoneforeverythirtyThousand,buteachStateshallhaveatLeastoneRepresentative;
anduntilsuchenumerationshallbemade,theStateofNewHampshireshallbeentitledtochusethree,Massachusettseight,RhodeIslandandProvidencePlantationsone,Connecticutfive,New-Yorksix,NewJerseyfour,Pennsylvaniaeight,Delawareone,Marylandsix,Virginiaten,NorthCarolinafive,SouthCarolinafive,andGeorgiathree.
WhenvacancieshappenintheRepresentationfromanyState,theExecutiveAuthoritythereofshallissueWritsofElectiontofillsuchVacancies.
TheHouseofRepresentativesshallchusetheirSpeakerandotherOfficers;
andshallhavethesolePowerofImpeachment.
Section3.TheSenateoftheUnitedStatesshallbecomposedoftwoSenatorsfromeachState,chosenbytheLegislaturethereof,forsixYears;
andeachSenatorshallhaveoneVote.
ImmediatelyaftertheyshallbeassembledinConsequenceofthefirstElection,theyshallbedividedasequallyasmaybeintothreeClasses.TheSeatsoftheSenatorsofthefirstClassshallbevacatedattheExpirationofthesecondYear,ofthesecondClassattheExpirationofthefourthYear,andofthethirdClassattheExpirationofthesixthYear,sothatonethirdmaybechoseneverysecondYear;
andifVacancieshappenbyResignation,orotherwise,duringtheRecessoftheLegislatureofanyState,theExecutivethereofmaymaketemporaryAppointmentsuntilthenextMeetingoftheLegislature,whichshallthenfillsuchVacancies.
NoPersonshallbeaSenatorwhoshallnothaveattainedtotheAgeofthirtyYears,andbeennineYearsaCitizenoftheUnitedStates,andwhoshallnot,whenelected,beanInhabitantofthatStateforwhichheshallbechosen.
TheVicePresidentoftheUnitedStatesshallbePresidentoftheSenate,butshallhavenoVote,unlesstheybeequallydivided.
TheSenateshallchusetheirotherOfficers,andalsoaPresidentprotempore,intheAbsenceoftheVicePresident,orwhenheshallexercisetheOfficeofPresidentoftheUnitedStates.
TheSenateshallhavethesolePowertotryallImpeachments.WhensittingforthatPurpose,theyshallbeonOathorAffirmation.WhenthePresidentoftheUnitedStatesistriedtheChiefJusticeshallpreside:
AndnoPersonshallbeconvictedwithouttheConcurrenceoftwothirdsoftheMemberspresent.
JudgmentinCasesofImpeachmentshallnotextendfurtherthantoremovalfromOffice,anddisqualificationtoholdandenjoyanyOfficeofhonor,TrustorProfitundertheUnitedStates:
butthePartyconvictedshallneverthelessbeliableandsubjecttoIndictment,Trial,JudgmentandPunishment,accordingtoLaw.
Section4.TheTimes,PlacesandMannerofholdingElectionsforSenatorsandRepresentatives,shallbeprescribedineachStatebytheLegislaturethereof;
buttheCongressmayatanytimebyLawmakeoraltersuchRegulations,exceptastothePlacesofchusingSenators.
TheCongressshallassembleatleastonceineveryYear,andsuchMeetingshallbeonthefirstMondayinDecember,unlesstheyshallbyLawappointadifferentDay.
Section5.EachHouseshallbetheJudgeoftheElections,ReturnsandQualificationsofitsownMembers,andaMajorityofeachshallconstituteaQuorumtodoBusiness;
butasmallerNumbermayadjournfromdaytoday,andmaybeauthorizedtocompeltheAttendanceofabsentMembers,insuchManner,andundersuchPenaltiesaseach
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 美国 宪法 英文
![提示](https://static.bdocx.com/images/bang_tan.gif)