中国的审判制度英1最新范文Word文档格式.docx
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中国的审判制度英1最新范文Word文档格式.docx
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UndertheLawontheOrganizationofPeople’sCourts,grassroots-levelcourtsconsistoftribunalsincounties/autonomouscounties,citieswithoutadministrativedistricts,oradministrativedistrictsofcities.Theirresponsibilitiesare:
Trycriminal,civilandadministrativecasesascourtsoffirsthearing,exceptwhereotherwiseprovidedforbylaw.Casesdeemedtobeofaseriousnaturethatshouldbehandledbysuperiorcourtscanbereferredtothosesuperiorcourts;
Handlecivildisputesandmisdemeanorsthatdonotneedtrials;
GuidetheworkofthePeople’sArbitrationCommittees.
Tofacilitatelawsuits,grassrootscourtsmaysetuptribunals,whicharenottrialunits,buthavetheresponsibilitytoheargeneralcivilandmisdemeanors,guidetheworkofPeople’sArbitrationCommittees,publicizelawsandregulations,andhandlepetitions.TheirjudgmentsanddecisionsrepresentthejudgmentsanddecisionsofthegrassrootsPeople’sCourts.
Intermediatecourtsarethosesetupinprefectures,citiesdirectlyunderprovinces(autonomousregionsandmunicipalitiesdirectlyunderthecentralgovernment)anddistrictsinthefourmunicipalitiesdirectlyunderthecentralgovernment(hereinafterreferredtoas“municipalities”).Theirresponsibilitiesinclude:
Trythefollowingcategoriesofcases:
a)First-hearingcasesundertheirjurisdiction,asprescribedbylaw.AccordingtotheLawonCriminalProcedures,thesecasesincludethoseinvolvingnationalsecurity;
criminalcasesthatmayinvolvelifeimprisonmentorthedeathpenalty;
criminalcasescommittedbyforeignersorcasesinvolvingChinesecitizensviolatingthelawfulrightsandinterestsofforeigners.AccordingtotheLawonCivilProcedures,civilcasesheardbyintermediatecourtsaremajorforeign-relatedcases;
casesofmajorimplicationswithintheirjurisdictions;
andcasesthatintermediatecourtsareorderedtohearbytheSupremeCourt.Inaddition,accordingtotheLawonAdministrativeProcedures,intermediatecourtsareauthorizedtohearthefollowingcases:
verificationofpatentrights;
customshandling;
suitsagainstadministrativeactionstakenbyStateCouncildepartmentsorgovernmentsoftheprovinces(autonomousregions,municipalities);
otherimportantandcomplicatedcases;
b)First-hearingcasestransferredbygrassrootscourts;
c)Casesappealingorprotestingtheverdictsanddecisionsofgrassrootscourts.
Forcriminal,civilandadministrativecasesthatintermediatecourtsdeemtobeofaseriousnature,theintermediatecourtmayrequestthatthecasesbetransferredtosuperiorcourts.
Supervisetheperformanceofgrassrootscourtswithintheirjurisdiction.Theyhavethepowertoexamineorordergrassrootscourtstore-examineverdictsordecisionsissuedbythosecourtsthathavealreadytakeneffectbutthathavebeenfoundtocontainerrors.
Accordingtothelawoncourtorganization,HigherCourtsaresetupinprovinces(autonomousregionsandmunicipalities).Theirresponsibilitiesinclude:
a)Criminal,civilandadministrativecasesofmajorproportionsandcomplicationsundertheirjurisdiction,asprovidedforbythelaw;
b)First-hearingcasestransferredbylowercourts;
c)Casesappealingorprotestingtheverdictsanddecisionsmadebylowercourts.Highercourtsinareaswhereamaritimecourtislocatedareauthorizedtotrycasesappealingtheverdictsandrulingsmadebythemaritimecourt;
d)Protestedcasessubmittedbyprosecutorsinaccordancewithtrial-monitoringprocedures.
Reviewfirst-hearingcasesinvolvingthedeathpenaltyruledbyintermediatecourtswheretheaccusedrenouncestherighttoappeal.IftheHigherCourtraisesnoobjectiontothedeathpenalty,itthenfilesthecasewiththeSupremeCourtforverification;
ifitdisagreeswiththedeathpenaltyruling,itcaneitherre-examinethecaseorreferthecasebacktotheIntermediateCourt.
Reviewcasessubmittedbyintermediatecourtsinvolvingadeathpenaltywithtwoyears’reprieve.
Approvecertaindeath-penaltycasesasauthorizedbytheSupremeCourt.
Supervisetrialsbylowercourts.Forverdictsorjudgmentspassedbylowercourtsthathavebeenfoundtocontainerrors,highercourtsareauthorizedtohearorasklowercourtstoreexaminethecase.
2.Specialcourtsarecourtssetupinspecialdepartmentsforspecialcaseswherevernecessary.Currently,Chinahasspecialcourtshandlingmilitary,maritime,railwaycases.
Militarycourtsaresetupatthreelevels:
grassroots;
GreatMilitaryRegion,ServicesandArms;
andthePLACourt.
ThePLACourtisthesuprememilitarycourtwhoseresponsibilitiesinclude:
Tryfirst-hearingcasesinvolvingcrimescommittedbyindividualsabovethedivisioncommanderlevel.
Tryforeign-relatedcriminalcases.
Trysecond-hearingcases,verificationandreviewofcasesinvolvingdeathpenalty.
GreatMilitaryRegionandServicesandArmsCourtsareintermediatecourtssetupingreatmilitaryregions,thenavy,theairforce,theSecondArtilleryArmyandthePLAGeneralHeadquarters.Theirresponsibilitiesinclude:
Tryfirst-hearingcasesinvolvingcrimescommittedbyindividualsatthedeputydivisioncommanderandregimentlevel.
Trycasesthatmayinvolvedeathpenaltyandcasesundertheirjurisdictionasauthorizedordesignatedbysuperiormilitarycourts.
Trycasesappealingorprotestingrulingsorverdictspassedbylowercourts.
Grassrootsmilitarycourtsconsistoftribunalssetupinarmies,provincialmilitaryregions,navalfleets,andairforceswithinGreatMilitaryRegionsandinarmyunitsdeployedinBeijingdirectlyundertheheadquarters.Theirresponsibilitiesinclude:
Trycasesinvolvingcrimescommittedbyindividualsunderthebattalioncommanderlevelandfirst-hearingcasesthatmayinvolveapenaltyuptolifeimprisonment.
Tryfirst-hearingcasesunderitsjurisdictionasauthorizedordesignatedbysuperiormilitarycourts.
Maritimecourtsarespecialcourtssetuptotryfirst-hearingmaritimeorsea-shippingcasesforthepurposeofexercisingjudicialjurisdictionovermaritimeaffairs.InMay1989,theSupremePeople’sCourtmadeaDecisionontheScopeofCasestoBeHandledbyMaritimeCourts.ThatdecisionspecifiedthatmaritimecourtshandlemaritimeorcommercialcasesbetweenChineselegalpersons/citizens,betweenChineselegalpersons/citizensandforeignlegalpersons/citizens,andbetweenforeignlegalpersons/citizens.Thesecasesfallinto14subsetsinfivecategories:
Tencategoriesofcasesinvolvingmaritimetortsanddisputes,including:
damageclaimcasesinvolvingcollisionofvessels;
damageclaimcasesinvolvingvesselscollidingintobuildingsandfacilitiesonthesea,sea-linkedwatersandports;
claimcasesinvolvingvesselsdischargingorleakinghazardousmaterialsorwastewatercausingwaterpollutionordamagingothervesselsorcargo;
claimcasesinvolvingcasualtiesinthecourseofsea-borneshippingoroperationsonthesea,sea-linkedwatersandports.
Fourteencategoriesofcommercialcases,including:
casesinvolvingshippingcontractdisputes;
contractdisputecasesinvolvingpassengersandbaggage;
casesinvolvingseamanlaborcontractdisputes;
casesinvolvingmaritimerescueandsalvagecontractdisputes;
casesinvolvingmaritimeinsurancecontractdisputes.
Elevenothercategoriesofmaritimecases,including:
casesinvolvingmajorliabilitiesinshippingandmaritimeoperations;
casesinvolvingportoperationdisputes;
casesinvolvinggeneralaveragedisputes;
casesinvolvingoffshoredevelopmentandexploitation;
casesinvolvingtheownership,proprietorship,mortgageorpreferredmaritimerightofclaimofvessels;
administrativecasesinvolvingmaritimeorinlandriverauthorities;
andcasesinvolvingmaritimefraud.
Fivecategoriesofcasesinvolvingmaritimeenforcement,including:
casesinvolvingcompulsoryenforcementrequestedbymaritimeandinlandriverauthorities;
casesinvolvingapplicationsforenforcementofarbitrationawardsfiledbylitigants;
casesinvolvingapplicationsfiledwithChinesemaritimecourtsbylitigantsforrecognitionandenforcementofarbitrationawardsgivenbyarbitrationagenciesinforeigncountriesorregions,inaccordancewithprovisionsoftheconventiononrecognitionandenforcementofforeignarbitration;
casesinvolvingapplicationsfiledbylitigantstoChinesemaritimecourtsforassistanceinenforcementofrulingsgivenbyforeigncourts,inaccordancewithjudicialassistanceaccordsChinasignedwithforeigncountries,orwiththeprincipleofreciprocity.
Twocategoriesofcasesinvolvingrequestsforpreservation:
casesinvolvingpleasfordetainingvesselspriortotheopeningoftrial;
casesinvolvingpleasfordetainingcargoesaboardshipsorfuelfortheshipspriortotheopeningoftrial.
Railwaytransportationtribunalsarespecialcourtssetupalongrailwaysthattrythefollowingtypesofcases:
Criminalcasesinvestigatedbyrailwaypub
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