肢体语言论文Word下载.docx

肢体语言论文Word下载.docx

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Bodylanguageasapartofthelanguage,andisanimportantcontentoftheculturalexchangeandmunication,whenlanguagemunicationobstaclesanddifficulties,bodylanguagecanexpressintheeffectivetimebecauseoftheinformationandcontent.Bodylanguageinadditiontotheexpressionofthebodysuchasshakinghands,posture,movementofthehead,alsocontainsarichfacialexpressions,suchasasmile,eyecontact,etc.Ofcourse,indifferentcountriesandregion,somebodylanguageintheculturalfieldisinterlinked,butbecauseofculturaldifferences,alsocanappearmanyofthesamebodylanguageshowsdifferentmeanings.Thisneedsustofullyunderstandtheculturaldifferencesofbodylanguage,toavoidculturaldifferencescausedbymisunderstanding.

Keywords:

bodylanguageexpressionwayculturaldifferences

肢体语言

内容摘要：

肢体语言作为语言的一局部，也是文化交流与沟通的重要组成内容，当语言沟通遇到障碍与困难时，肢体语言便能够在有效的时间里表达出所蕴含的信息与内容。

身体语言除了肢体的表达如握手、姿势、头部的动作，还包含了丰富的面部表情，如微笑、眼神的交流等。

当然，在不同的国家、地域、文化领域里有些身体语言是相通的，但由于文化差异，也会出现许多相通身体语言所表现出来的不同的含义。

这就需要我们充分了解文化差异中的身体语言，防止文化差异所带来的误会。

关键字：

肢体语言表达方式文化差异

CONTENTS

1．Introduction………………………………………1

2.Definitionofbodylanguage……………………1

3.Historyofbodylanguage………………………1

4.Bodygesturesandmovements……………………2

4.1Handshake……………………………………………………………2

4.2Gestures………………………………………………………………3

4.3Headmovement………………………………………………………3

5.Facialexpressions………………………………3

5.1Smile…………………………………………………………………3

5.2Eyecontact……………………………………………………………4

5.3Otherfacialexpression……………………………………………4

6.Positionandrelationshiptobodies,objectsandsurroundings…………………………………………5

Acknowledgements………………………………………6

1.Introduction

Withtheprogressofsocietyandtheincreasingoftheopenness,crossculturalmunicationhasbeeincreasinglyfrequent.Manypeoplebegantogooutofthecountry.Atthesametime,moreandmoreforeignersareingtochina.Indifferentculturalenvironment,languagelearningisimportant.However,thelanguagelearninganduseneedtospendtimeandenergytolearn.Byparison,bodylanguageissimpleandconvenient.Bodylanguagecontainsmanyaspectsofthebody,andevensomebodylanguageisexpressedbytheemotioncannotbereplacedbythewordsofthelanguage.Bodylanguagehasalonghistory,fromthebirthofoccasionofthebody,thebodylanguageisborn.Somanybodylanguageindifferentculturalareascanbeinterlinked.However,duetothedifferencesinculturaldifferences,therearesomebodylanguagecannotbeshared.Somebodylanguagecanexpressdifferentmeaningsorevenoppositemeanings.Therefore,itisverynecessarytounderstandandlearnbodylanguageforourmunicationindifferentculturalfields.

2.Definitionofbodylanguage

It’swidely-consideredthatbodylanguageisbodypositionsandmovements,asthetraditional,narrowdefinitionofbodylanguageintheOxfordEnglishDictionary:

“bodylanguage–noun-theconsciousandunconsciousmovementsandposturesbywhichattitudesandfeelingsaremunicated[forexample]:

hisintentwasclearlyexpressedinhisbodylanguage.〞Obviously,Bodylanguageismorethanbodypositionsandmovementsandconcludespositionbodies，closenesstoandspacebetweenpeople,facialexpressions,eyecontact（movementandfocus）,connectnon-bodilythings,,lessnoticeablephysicaleffects（breathing,heartbeatandperspiration）.Additionally,thevolume,variation,pauses,pace,etc.,ofvoicecouldalsobeseenasonepartofbodylanguage.

Controversiallytraditionalopinionsholdthatbodylanguagemusthavebodyorlimbs’movementorchange,asonepartofmunication,bodylanguageincludesreactionofbody,changeoffacialexpression,etc.,notonlybodymovements.Voicetypeismostlikelytobeignoredasonekindofbodylanguagelikemakingvoice,controlvoice,anditisanindispensableelementinmunicationsandhelpingmunications.Additionally,someunconsciousbodyreactionsandfacialexpressionbelongtobodylanguage,forexampleaman’sfacewillbewhiteandsweatwhenheisnervousorfrightened.

Therefore，moreexactdefinitionofbodylanguageinsummaryistheconsciousandunconscioustransmissionofattitudesandfeelingsbymovements,postures,physicalstate,relationshiptothings,facialexpressionandeyemovements.〞

3.Historyofbodylanguage

Philosophersandscientistshavepaidinterestedinbodylanguageforthousandsofyearsandtheyconnectedhumanbehaviorswithmeaningandpersonality.Butthosefindingsarenotassophisticatedanddetailedastoday.Worksorwritingsaboutbodylanguagewereverysparseuntilmid-1900s.Accordingtotherelevantrecords,thefirstexpertatstudyofbodylanguageisancientGreek,HippocratesandAristotle,whoexploredrelationshipbetweenhumanpersonalitiesandbehaviors,andRomans,notablyCicerodiscussedhowgesturesworkinfeelingsandmunications.Earlystudiesfocusedonsignificanceofbodylanguageinleadershipandgovernment.

MoreisolatedandsophisticatedfindingsappearedaftersixteenthCentury.1605,FrancisBaconinAdvancementofLearningindicatedgesturesasreflectionextensionissupplementofspoken-munication.JohnBulwer’sNaturalHistoryoftheHandpublishedin1644involveshandgestures.GilbertAustinsuggestedsuitablebodylanguagecouldimprovequalityofspeechinhis1806publication,CHIRONOMIA.Inlate1800s,CharlesDarwinisacceptedtheearliestscholarinstudyingbodylanguagesystematicallyandscientifically.Thenextmorethan100years,thestudyofbodylanguageseemstostagnate.CharlesDarwinispioneerofethological,whichfocusedonanimalbehaviors.After1990s,moreexpertspaidattentiontoconnectionofhumanbehaviorsandsocialorganization.Ethologyisascienceaboutanimalbehaviors,startingearly1900s,andexpandingfieldtohumanbehaviorsandsocialorganization.Ethlolgistprogressivelyappliedtheirfindingstostudyofhumanbehaviors.JuliusFastasanAmericanwriterwhoisawardedforhisfictionandnon-fictionworkabouthumanphysiologyandbehaviors,suggestingthatbodylanguageistoonewtobeseenasascience.

4.Bodygesturesandmovements

Bodygesturesandmovementsplayanimportantroleinhuman’sdailymunication,totransmithuman’sthought,emotionandmentalactivityassupplementofverbalmunication.Thesamewithvoice,transmissionofinformationfrombodygesturesandmovementsisinfluencedbylinguisticknowledgeandculturalbackgroundofbothsidesinonemunication.Therefore,understandinginformationtransmittedbybodygesturesandmovementsindifferentculturesisofextremeimportance.Gesturesandmovementsasthemostvividlybodylanguagerepresentdifferentimplicationsandexpression,differentfromotherbodylanguage.

4.1Handshake

“Handshake〞isoneofthemostimportantmannersinpeople’ssociallife.Peoplefromdifferentcultureandcontraryhavedifferenthabitsornormsonhandshake.PeoplefromsomeNordiccountriesviewquickfirm“one-pump〞handshake.SomepeoplefromsouthernEurope,MiddleandSouthernAmericatendtoshakehandswormerandlonger,meaningthelefthandusuallytouchestheclaspedhands,theelbow,oreventhelapeloftheshake,whilethiskindofhandshakerepresentprovocationorrudeness.“Limphandshake〞isthestandardinAfricancountries.HandshakeforpeoplewithsamegenderfromIslamicstateshowssincerityandtrust,however,nohandshakebetweendifferentgenders.Additionally,meaningofhandshakewouldbeinfluencedbycertainhistoricalevents.Forexample,SovietswouldliketoshakehandswithtwohandsfirmlyforexpressingfriendlysinceWorldWar2.FormerSovietPresidentBrezhnevshakehandsfirmlyusingtwohandswithAmericanPresidentNixonWhenhevisitedAmerica.ThiskindofhandshakeangeredtheAmericanbecausetheythoughttheSovietsthrowcontemptonthem.

4.2Gestures

Thumb-uphasdifferentimplicationsormeaningsindifferentcountries.ItimpliesagreementorsatisfactioninNorthAmerica,GreatBritainandRussia,impliesoffenceinIran,impliesrudenessandimpolitenessinAustralia,impliespraiseinChinaandimpliesbeggingarideinAmericaandFrance.Whilechangedthethumbtooppositedirection—downward,itsmeaningisdisagreementornotgoodinNorthAmericaandrudenessorimpolitenessinGreekculture.

ThefingerisarudebehaviorinAmericaandsomeEuropeancountries,implyingcontemptordespise.However,itmeansnothinginChinaandsomeAfricancountries.

TheOKsignimpliesgoing-well,agreementandverygoodinNorthChinaandGermany.It’sviewedas3inChinaandmoneyinJapan.InFranceandotherEuropeancountries,OKsignmeansnothingorzero.

PeoplefromGreatBritainorNorthAmericancountriessnaphisfingersforthepurposeofdrawingothers’attentions,whileitmaycontainmeaningsofrudenessorpresssometimes.Ifonemansnapshisfingerstowomen,itwillmakewomenunfortable.MostChinesesnapoffingersjustforfun.

NippingnoseusuallymeansbedsmellinChinaandotherAsiancountries,whileitimpliesdrunkennessinFrance.

TheChinesewavehandsforcallingpeopleover,whiletheBritishwavehandsdownwardformakingpeopleslowdownandwavehandsleftandrightforgreetingandsayingHello.

Fistmeanspowerormakingone’smindfortheChinese.PeoplefromNorthAmericaorGreatBritainclenchfistforexpressinganger.Peoplecan’tdoitinthepublicinIslamicstatesbecauseitmeansobscene.

4.3Headmovement

Nodtransmitsdifferentinformationatdifferentculturalbackground.PeopleformEnglish-speakingcountriesnodheadsforsayingyes,shakeheadsforsayingno.ThemeaningswillexchangeforpeoplefromMiddleEast.FortheIndian,nodorshakeheadhaveonregularmeanings.

Peoplescratch