Writing 期末复习资料Word格式文档下载.docx
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Writing 期末复习资料Word格式文档下载.docx
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Topicsentence
Supportingsentence
Concludingsentence
2.
General(abstract)sentence
Specific(concrete)sentence
3.
Statement
Question
Command
Exclamation
4.
简单句(simplesentence):
hasonlyonesubject-verb.(只含有一个主谓结构并且句子各成分都只由单词或短语构成的独立句子或分句叫做简单句。
)
并列复合句(compoundsentence):
ismadeupoftwoormoreequallyimportantsimplesentenceswhichoftenjoinedbycoordinatingconjunction.
复杂句=从属复合句(complexsentence):
ismadeupofoneindependentclauseandatleastonedependentclause.
(某个句子成分直接由从属分句表示).
并列从属复合句(compound-complexsentence):
isacompoundsentenceinwhichatleastacomplexsentenceisembedded(植入的)
5.
Loosesentence(圆周句)
Periodicsentence(松散句)
6.
Shortsentenceandlongsentence
Unit2:
fourkindsofimportantsentences
Exclamations(exclamatorysentences)
Questions(Interrogativesentences)
Commands(imperativesentences)
Statements(declarativesentences)
Unit3
Sentenceexpansion
Unit4:
Rhetorial(修辞的)classificationofsentencesandsentenceconversion
Loosesentence:
referstoasentenceinwhichtheessentialelements,inmainclause,comefirst,followedbysubordinateparts,modifiers,etc.
Periodicsentence:
referstoasentenceinwhichtheessentialelements,inthemainclause,arewithhelduntiltheendorseparatedasbymodifiersorsubordinateclause.(是从修辞角度说的,它把关键意思放在整句末尾,将次要的放在句首。
圆周句是一种较正式的书面语体。
由于把主要部分置句末,形成整句的高潮,从而达到突出该部分内容的目的)
有插入语的一定是periodicsentence
Unit7:
Run-onsentence
Roundonsentences:
fusedsentencesandcommasplices
Fivewaysofcorrection:
useaperiodandwritetwoseparatesentences.
Useaperiod
Useasemicolon
Useacommaandacoordinateconjunction
Useasubordinatingconjunction
Useaphrase
wSemi-colon
wPeriodandCapitalLetter
wSubordinateClauses
wConjunctiveAdverb
wCommaPlusCoordinatingConjunction
Asentenceadverb(aconjunctiveadverb):
isawordthatmodifiesawholepreviousstatement.Ifyouarenotsurewhetheracertainwordisasentenceadverb,testtoseewhetheritcouldbemovedwithoutlossofmeaning.Aconjunctionmuststayput,butasentenceadverbcanalwaysbemovedtoatleastoneotherposition.
Eg:
Weplantedagarden;
however,nothinggrew.
nothinggrew,however.
Weplantedagarden,nothing,however,grew.
切勿把句子副词当连词!
Somesentenceadverbs:
again,also,besides,consequently,further
furthermore,hence,however,indeed,likewise(同样地),moreover,nevertheless,nonetheless(尽管如此),otherwise,similarly,therefore,thus,thenetc.
Unit8:
Sentencefragments
Fragmentsentences:
isaclusterofwordslackingasubjectpredicatecombination.
1.Dependent-wordfragments,(staringwithwordslikeafter,because,since,whenandbefore.)
2.-ingandtofragments,(-ingortonearthestartofawordgroup)
3.Added-detailfragments,(staringwithwordslikeforexample,suchas,also,andespecially)Oneofmygreatestjoysinlifeiseatingdesserts,suchascakeoricecream.
4.Missing-subjectfragments,
5.Verb-lackingfragments.
Unit9
Parallelism:
meansthatcoordinatesentenceelementsshouldhavethesamegrammaticalform.
Threemajortypesoffaultyparallelism:
1.Itemsinaseries
(1)Useasimilarelementswithaparallelconstruction
Myfather’scarissporty,fastanditisalsoquietcomfortable.
Myfather’scarissporty,fastand(quiet)comfortable
(2)watchforfaultyparallelismwith“not….neither”
Johnwasnotanagreeableman,andneitherarehisnovels.
Johnwasnotanagreeable,andneitherarehisnovels.
(3)Bewareofdelayedverbandincorrectomission.(详见p135)
Myparentsalwayshaveandalwayswillvoteinthenationalelection.
Myparentsalwayshavevotedandalwayswillvoteinthenationalelection.
(4)Repeat“that”toshowthattwoclausesareparallel.(详见p136)
Suewrotethatshehatedherjob,butshewasgladtobeworking.
Suewrotethatshehatedherjobbutthatshewasgladtobeworking.
(5)Don’tuse“andwho”or“andwhich”unlessyouhavealreadysupplieda“who”ora“which”(p136多看看例句)
Skydiving,andwhichrequiresgreatskillandconcentration,isextremelyhazardous.
Skydivingrequiresgreatskillandconcentration,and(it)isextremelyhazardous
(6)Carrythroughwithanyrepeatedmodifierinaseries.
Hecanneverfindhistextbooks,histapes,hiscalculator,andhomework.
.Hecanneverfindhistextbooks,histapes,hiscalculator,andhishomework.
2.ComparingandContrasting
(1)XbetterthanY;
XbedifferentY
TheofficeinBostonwasbetterequippedthanNewYork.
TheofficeinBostonwasbetterequippedthantheoneNewYork.
(2)XbemorethanY(p138例句分析)
HockeyinCanadaismorepopularthanintheUnitedStates.
HockeyinCanadaismorepopularthanitintheUnitedStates.(x)
HockeyinCanadaismorepopularthanthatintheUnitedStates.
(3)Nosoonerxthany
NosoonerhadIleftwhenmytypewriterwasstolen.
NosoonerhadIleftthanmytypewriterwasstolen
(4)Notsomuchxasy
Shewasnotsomuchselfishbutratherimpulsive.
Shewasnotsomuchselfishasimpulsive.
Shewasnotsomuchselfishasshewasimpulsive.
(5)SuspendedandComparison
Melodylikestotalstrangersasmuch,ifnotmorethan.herclosestfriends.
Melodylikestotalstrangersatleastasmuchasshedoesherclosestfriends.
3.CorrelativeConjunction
(1)both…and…
Bothourteachersaswellasourstudentsthegymnasiumwantedrepainted.
Bothourteachersandourstudentsthegymnasiumrepainted
(2)notonlybutalso
Carlwantsnotonlytocompete,butshewantsalsotowinagoldmedal.
Carlwantsnotonlytocompete,butalsoshewantstowinagoldmedal.
(3)either..or,neither..nor
IwanteithertospendmyvocationinNewYorkorinBermuda.
IwanttospendmyvocationeitherinNewYorkorinBermuda.
Unit10:
MisplacedandDanglingModifiers
MisplacedModifiers:
放错位置,造成歧义
DanglingModifiers:
AdanglingModifierisaphraseoranelliptical(省略的)clausethatisillogicallyseparatedfromtheworditmodifier.
HowtocorrectDanglingModifiers?
(1)Identifytheimpliedsubjectandchangethesubjectofthemainclause.
Toattainhighmarksincomputerscience,manyhoursofpracticeshouldbespentonthecomputerterminal.
Toattainhighmarksincomputerscience,wemustspendmanyhoursofpracticeonthecomputerterminal.
(2)Expanddanglingmodifiersintoafulldependentclause.
Onceoutoftheoffice,thepipe-inmusicnolongergavehimaheadache.
Oncehe/shewasoutoftheoffice,thepipe-inmusicnolongergavehimaheadache.
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