第二章 语音学与音位学Word文档下载推荐.docx
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第二章 语音学与音位学Word文档下载推荐.docx
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●Auditoryphonetics----fromthehearers’pointofview,“howsoundsareperceived”(听觉语音学)
●Acousticphonetics----fromthephysicalwayormeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanother,“howsoundsaretransmitted”(声学语音学)
2.2.2Organsofspeech
Speechorgans(vocalorgans)(言语器官)
------thosepartofthehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech.
thelungs(肺),thetrachea(气管),
thethroat(咽喉),thenoseand
themouth
Thevocaltract(声道):
Pharyngealcavity
Throat
Articulatoryapparatus
Nasalcavity
nose
Theoralcavity
mouth
Thediagramofspeechorgans
●Lips
●Teeth
●Teethridge(alveolar)
●Hardpalate
●Softpalate(velum)
●Uvula
●Tipoftongue
●Bladeoftongue
●Backoftongue
●Vocalcords
●Pharyngealcavity
●Nasalcavity
Vocalcords
●Vocalcordsarelocatedinthepharyngealcavity
●Thevocalfoldsareeither(a)apart,(b)closetogether,or(c)totallyclosed.
●Voiceless(清音):
thevocalfoldsareapart,theaircanpasseasily[p,s,t]
●Voiced(浊音):
thevocalfoldsareclosetogether,theairstreamcausesthemtovibrateagainsteachother[b,z,d]
●Glottalstop(喉塞音):
thevocalfoldsaretotallyclosed,noaircanpassbetweenthem
●Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoiced,whichisafeatureofallvowelsandsomeconsonantsinEnglish.
●Whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarevoiceless.
Positionofthevocalfolds:
Voiceless:
thevocalfoldsareapart.
voicing(initial&
thewidestaperture)
(glottalstop)
Thenasalcavity
●Thenasalcavityisconnectedwiththeoralcavity.
●Thesoftpartoftheroofofthemouth,thevelum(thesoftpalate),canbedrawnbacktoclosethepassagesothatallairexitingfromthelungscanonlygothroughthemouth.Thesoundsproducedinthisconditionarenotnasalized.
●Ifthepassageisleftopentoallowairtoexitthroughthenose,thesoundsproducedarenasalizedsounds.
2.2.3Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds
TheIPA
TheInternationalPhoneticAssociation(IPA)(标音法)1897
TheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(theIPAchart)1888—firstversion
Thelatestversionwasrevisedin1993andupdatedtwicein1996and2005.
Broadtranscription&
Narrowtranscription
●Abroadtranscriptionisonethatonlytakesaccountofthesounddifferencesthatareimportanttodistinguishwordsfromeachotherinalanguage.Abroadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly.e.g.pit/pit/spit/spit/
●Anarrowtranscriptionattemptstorepresentmoreorlessaccuratelythewayinwhichaparticularspeakerpronounceshiswords.Anarrowtranscriptionisatranscriptionwithlettersymbolstogetherwithdiacritics.e.g.pit[phit](aspired)spit[spit](unaspired)
Byconvention,phonemictranscriptionsareplacedbetweenslantlines(//),whilephonetictranscriptionsareplacedbetweensquarebrackets([]).
Inphoneticterms,phonemictranscriptionsrepresentthe“broad”transcription
Diacritics
------Symbolsaddedtotheletter-symbolstospecifyorbringoutthefinerdistinctionsthanthelettersalonemaypossiblydo
●Thedistinctionbetween/ph/and/p/doesnotmakeadifferencebetweenwordsinEnglish.Ifwesubstitute/p/for/ph/in/phin/weproduceapeculiarpronunciationofpinbutnotanewword;
●Butthesubstitutionof/p/for/t/doesmakeadifferenceofword:
pin/pin/andtin/tin/aredifferentwordsinEnglish.
2.2.4ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds
Thesoundsegmentsaregroupedintoconsonantsandvowels.
Consonantsareproducedbyaclosureinthevocaltract,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction.
Avowelisproducedwithoutobstructionoftheairsothatairescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthornose.
●Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.Inthepronunciationoftheformertheairthatcomesfromthelungsmeetswithnoobstructionofanykindinthethroat,thenose,orthemouth,whileinthatofthelatteritisobstructedinonewayoranother.
Thedescriptionoftheconsonantsandvowels
●Thedescriptionoftheconsonants----Englishconsonantsmaybeclassifiedaccordingtothreedimensions:
Themannerofarticulation(waysinwhicharticulationcanbeaccomplished)
Theplaceofarticulation(thepointwhereaconsonantismade)
Voicing(wetherthevocalcordsvibirateornot)
●Thedescriptionofthevowels------
1)thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back)
2)theopennessofthemouth(close,semi-close,semi-open,open)
3)lip-rounding(roundedvs.unrounded)
consonants
●Intermsofmannerofarticulation:
●1)Stop(plosive)(塞音,爆破音):
completeclosureofthearticulatorsinvolved[p,b,t,d,k,g]
●2)Fricative(磨擦音):
●theobstructionispartialandtheairisforcedthroughanarrowpassageinthemouthsoastocausedefinitelocalfrictionatthepoint[f,v,θ,ð
s,z,∫,ʒ,h]
●3)Affricates(破擦音):
Whentheobstruction,completeatfirst,isreleasedslowlywiththefrictionresultingfrompartialobstruction(asinfricatives),thesoundsthusproducedareaffricates.[ʧ,ʤ]
●4)Liquids:
Whentheairflowisobstructedbutisallowedtoescapethroughthepassagebetweenpartorpartsofthetongue(thetiporthesides)andtheroofofthemouth,thesoundsthusproducedarecalledliquids.[l,r]
●5)Nasals:
Whenthenasalpassageisopenedbyloweringthesoftpalateatthebackofthemouthandairisallowedtopassthroughit,thesoundsthusproducedarecallednasals.[m,n,ŋ]
●6)Glides:
sometimescalled"
semivowels,"
arearathermarginalcategory.TheEnglishglidesare[w]and[j],bothvoiced.Theyareformedinthesamemannerasthevowels[u]and[i],withanarrowerpassagebetweenthelipsorbetweenthetongueandthehardpalatetocausesomeslightnoisefromthelocalobstruction.
●Intermsofplaceofarticulation:
●
1)Bilabial(双唇音):
madewiththetwolips[p,b,m,w]
2)Labiodental(唇齿音):
madewiththelowerlipandtheupperfrontteeth[f,v]
3)Dental(齿音):
madebythetonguetiporbladeandtheupperfrontteeth[θ,ð
]
4)Alveolar(齿龈音):
madewiththetonguetiporbladeandthealveolarridge[t,d,s,z,n,l,r]
5)Palatal(腭音):
madewiththefrontofthetongueandthehardpalate[∫,ʒ,ʧ,ʤ,j]
6)Velar(软腭音):
madewiththebackofthetongueandthesoftpalate[k,g,ŋ]
7)Glottal(喉音):
:
Thevocalcordsarebroughtmomentarilytogethertocreatetheobstruction.[h]
Describetheunderlinedconsonantsaccordingtothreedimensions:
vd/vlplacemanner
Letter
Brother
Sunny
Hopper
Itching
Lodger
Calling
Singing
Robber
either
Jones:
AnOutlineofEnglishPhonetics(1918)
Vowels(monophthongs)
close
Semi-close
Semi-open
open
Black:
IPA
Red:
English
幻灯片29
Vowels(diphthongs)
●[ei,ai,au,əu,ɔi,iə,ɛə,uə]
Underlinethewordsthatcontainthe
soundasrequired:
●Acentralvowel:
●madlotbutbootword
●Afrontvowel:
●reedpadloadfatebitbedcook
●Aroundedvowel:
●whohebusherhittruebossbarwalk
●Abackvowel:
●paidreapfooltopgoodfather
Phonology
●Phonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.
●Itaimsto‘discovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur’.
●Inphonologywenormallybeginbyanalyzinganindividuallanguage,sayEnglish,inordertodetermineitsphonologicalstructure,i.e.whichsoundunitsareusedandhowtheyareputtogether.
●Thenwecomparethepropertiesofsoundsystemsindifferentlanguagesinordertomakehypothesesabouttherulesthatunderlietheuseofsoundsinthem,andultimatelyweaimtodiscovertherulesthatunderliethesoundpatternsofalllanguages.
Phonetics&
phonology
●Bothareconcernedwiththesameaspectoflanguage----thespeechsounds.Buttheydifferintheirapproachandfocus.
●Phoneticsisofgeneralnature;
itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;
itaimstoanswerquestionslike:
howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheyhave,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.
●Phonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.
Phone,phoneme,allophone
Phone(音素)
●Aphone----aphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Phonesdonotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning,somedo,somedon’t,e.g.[bI:
t]&
[bIt],[spIt]&
[spIt].
Phoneme(音位)
●Aphoneme----isaphonologicalunit;
itisaunitofdistinctivevalue;
anabstractunit,notaparticularsou
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