农业生态学终极版Word文档下载推荐.docx
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农业生态学终极版Word文档下载推荐.docx
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Fairtrade
FunctionalfoodFoodseatenforspecifiedhealthpurposes,becauseoftheir(rich)contentofoneormorenutrientsornon-nutrientsubstanceswhichmayconferhealthbenefits.
(foodseatenforspecifiedhealthpurposes,becauseoftheir(rich)contentofoneormorenutrientson‐nutrientsubstanceswhichmayconferhealthbenefitsourcesofcarotenoids,fibre,fattyacids)
Neutraceuticalfood--Acombinationofthetwowords"
nutrition"
and"
pharmaceutical"
isafoodorfoodproductthatreportedlyprovideshealthandmedicalbenefits,includingthepreventionandtreatmentofdisease.
HealthCanada(agovernmentagency)definesthetermas"
aproductisolatedorpurifiedfromfoodsthatisgenerallysoldinmedicinalformsnotusuallyassociatedwithfood.
Anutraceuticalisdemonstratedtohaveaphysiologicalbenefitorprovideprotectionagainstchronicdisease."
Alivingcommunity,allthefactorsinitsnonlivingenvironmentandtheinteractionsamongthesebioticandabioticfactors
dealswiththeobservationandanalysisofsystemsoflivingorganisms,andhowtheyinteractwiththeirenvironment
Agriculture:
scienceorpracticeofcultivatingthesoilandrearinganimals
Humus:
Themoreorlessstablefractionofthesoilorganicmatterremainingafterthemajorportionofplantandanimalresidueshavedecomposed.
(Abrownorblackorganicsubstanceconsistingofpartiallyorwhollydecayedplantoranimalmatterthatprovidesnutrientsforplantsandincreasestheabilityofsoiltoretainwater.)
Food
web:
aseriesoforganismsrelatedbypredator-preyandconsumer-resourceinteractions;
theentiretyofinterrelated
food
chainsinanecologicalcommunity.
Trophiclevels:
agroupoforganismsthatoccupythesamepositioninafoodchain
Homeostasis:
Homeostasis
isthetendencyofasystemtomaintainstabilityowingtothecoordinatedresponseofitspartstoanysituation
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Section1-Unit1Whatisagriculture,ecology,ecosystems,agroecology?
1.Thegoalsofthecourse
Thescience,art,politicsandsociologyofchangingsunlightintohappy,healthypeople.“农业是把太阳光转变成人们健康、幸福生活的科学、艺术、政治学和社会学”
•农业生态学是介绍农业生态系统的结构与功能的学科。
而农业生态系统则是人参与下的自然与社会系统的共同部分,以农业生产为手段,以食物生产为动力的综合系统。
农业生态学综合动、植物科学、农业工程技术和土壤科学,提供一个系统的视野。
Thiscourseisanintroductiontoagricultureandfoodsystems.Theprinciplesofagriculturalproductionasstudiedinthedisciplinesofanimalscience,plantscience,agriculturalengineeringandsoilsciencewillbeintegratedtogiveacomprehensiveviewofagriculturalecosystems
2.Whycornisagoodsymbolforthecourse
Corn….Agro-ecosystemsymbol?
Dependenceonpeople..Interdependence
Adaptedtobeacrop
Food/feed
Doeswellinmanure
Widelyadaptedasaspecies;
narrowlyadaptedasahybrid
Blamedforbothsocialandenvironmentalills!
3.Describe5differentusesofcornforfoodand3non-fooduses
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Section1-Unit2Naturalecosystemsvs.people-centeredecosystems.Agro-ecosystems
1.ExplainthedifferencesbetweenNaturalecosystemsandPeople-CentredecosystemsNaturalecosystem:
iswhentheecosystemhasnotbeenalteredbyhumanactivities.
People-centeredecosystem:
areacompoundecosystemcontainingnaturalecosystemandhumanity.Humanbeingisthecenterofthisecosystem.
2.Describethepartsofatypicalfoodsystemandexplaintheinteractionsofthepartswitheachother
----CONSUMERwant:
healthy,quality,cheap,choice
-----RETAILERwant:
profit,---Achieve:
highquality
-----PROCESSORwant:
highquality,service
-----PRODUCERwant:
profit,cleanenvironment
3.AnswerthequestionofwhyAmericanstylefastfoodrestaurantsalwayswantcustomerstobuyFrenchfriesandhowthatrelatestotheoverallfoodsystem.
Becausetheywanttomakemoreprofits.ItcostsverylittleforpurchaseFrenchfried.However,theycanselltheproductatahighprice,Throughtheprocess,theyattainmoreprofitsfromcustomers.Asaresult,theprocessorswanttogrewrawmaterialsfromfamersatalowerpricethanusual.Finally,famersfocusonproducingmorepotatoestosupplydemandinthemarket.What’smoreitcanmakeacontributiontointernationaltrade.Thisisabeneficialwaytoletbothsidessatisfied.
4.Commentontheproblemsofdisconnectionoftheconsumerwiththeproducerinthefoodsystemandthephysicalsystemsdisconnectionthatoccurswithlongdistancetransportationoffood.
Theproducermaynotalwaysknowwhattheconsumerwantsandthereforeproducesinappropriateproductswhicharehardtomarket.
Theconsumermaymistrusttheirfoodandnotknowifitissafe.
Otheranswersarepossible;
e.g.,greaterrelianceonimportedfoodwithmoreenergyuseintransportation
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Lecture2b:
Chinatrendsinfooddemandandtrade
1Whyare“alleyesontheChinamarket”?
–largepopulation(nearly1/5oftheworldpopulation)
–38-50%ofhouseholdbudgetspentonfood
–increaseinGDPeachyear
–morespendingpower
ChangesinwhatChinaeatswillaffectworldagriculturalmarkets.
2.Whathasmorespendingpowermeantinregardstothefoodspeoplepurchase?
•More-MEATDairy,poultry,fishandfruit
•Betterquality
Brandnames
Processed-packagedproducts
Organic-chemicalfreefoods
3.CanChinaproduceallthefoodspeoplewant?
Articlesuggests:
•Productionyieldshavebeenpushedtolimits
•Agriculturallandresourcesaregettingscarcer
•Chemicalsaregettingintofoodsfrompesticides,antibiotics,andfactoryrunoff
•Consumersareconcernedaboutfoodsafety
4.Willthefoodtrendscontinuetogrow?
•Morewealthhasspreadtotheinteriorareas
–Moreroads-bettertransportofgoods
–More“supermarkets”inruralareas
–Moreeducation,training,jobsforruralareas
–Fewertradebarriers–betterdistribution
5.OpportunitiesformarketingproductstoChina?
Moreaccesstoruralmarketsandmoreinformedconsumerswithspendingpower.
6.List5waysincreasedspendingpowerinChinahaschangedthetrendsinconsumerfooddemands.
–Increaseinmeatconsumption(feedandfood)
–Morevarietywanted–dairy,fish,fruit
–Betterqualityoffoodiswanted
–Increaseddemandfor‘safe”foods(organic)
–Consumerswantmoreprocessedorpreparedfoods
–Morebrandnamedproducts
–Lessconsumptionoftraditionalgrains(riceandwheat)
7.WhyisthebusinessofexportingagriculturalproductstoChinaexpectedtoincrease?
Moreaccesstoruralmarketsthroughbetterroads,supermarkets,distributionpolicies.
Moreeducatedconsumerswantingquality
Limitedresources,agriculturallandbasetoproduceallthefoods
8.FiveconsumertrendsinChinaare:
1.Theconsumptionofgrains,suchasriceandwheat,isdecreasingwhiletheconsumptionofotherfooditems,suchasdairy,meat,andprocessedfoods,isincreasing.
2.Spendingonhousing,education,travel,leisure,healthcare,andautomobileshasincreased.
3.Theamountofmoneyspentonfoodisincreasingandwealthyhouseholds,inparticular,arespendingmoreonhigherqualityfoods.
4.Consumersviewimportedfoodstobesafer.
5.Ruralmigrantsaredevelopingconsumptionhabitssimilartothoseoftheurbanpopulation.
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Section1-Unit3"
Makingmoneyandrespectingtheenvironment"
1.Name10ofthetop20cropsintheworld
1.Wheat2.Rice(paddy)3.Maize4.Barley5.Pearlmillet6.Sorghum7.Soyabean8.Cotton
9.Oats10.Fieldbean11.Whitepotato12.Groundnut13.Rye14.Sweetpotato15.Sugarcane
16.Cassava17.Pea18.Chickpea19.Grape20.Oil-seedrape
2
NamethemajorfruitcropsinFujianProvince
3-Explaintheroleofclimateindeterminingwherecropswillgrow
4
Givetwoexamplesofhowfarmersmodifythegrowingenvironmenttoextendthelocationinwhichacropcanbegrown?
5.Explainwhatismeantbya"
cultivation"
ofacrop?
Cultivation:
Theplanting,tending,improving,orharvestingofcropsorplantsthepreparationofgroundtopromotetheirgrowth.
Cultivationinvolves:
1.Selectionofthatcropplantbestadaptedtoensureahighprobabilityofsatisfactoryyieldoftherequiredproduct
2.Propagation:
thepreparationofthesoilbysomeformoftillageinordertoensuresuitable
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