精编版物理学专业英语Word格式文档下载.docx
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精编版物理学专业英语Word格式文档下载.docx
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培养专业英语阅读能力,了解科技英语的特点,提高专业外语的阅读质量和阅读速度;
掌握一定量的本专业英文词汇,基本达到能够独立完成一般性本专业外文资料的阅读;
达到一定的笔译水平。
要求译文通顺、准确和专业化。
二、课程内容
课程内容包括以下章节:
物理学、经典力学、热力学、电磁学、光学、原子物理、统计力学、量子力学和狭义相对论
三、基本要求
1.充分利用课内时间保证充足的阅读量(约1200~1500词/学时),要求正确理解原文。
2.泛读适量课外相关英文读物,要求基本理解原文主要内容。
3.掌握基本专业词汇(不少于200词)。
4.应具有流利阅读、翻译及赏析专业英语文献,并能简单地进行写作的能力。
四、参考书
正文标记说明:
蓝色Arial字体(例如energy):
已知的专业词汇
蓝色Arial字体加下划线(例如electromagnetism):
新学的专业词汇
黑色TimesNewRoman字体加下划线(例如postulate):
新学的普通词汇
1Physics物理学
Introductiontophysics
Physicsisapartofnaturalphilosophyandanaturalsciencethatinvolvesthestudyofmatteranditsmotionthroughspaceandtime,alongwithrelatedconceptssuchasenergyandforce.Morebroadly,itisthegeneralanalysisofnature,conductedinordertounderstandhowtheuniversebehaves.
Physicsisoneoftheoldestacademicdisciplines,perhapstheoldestthroughitsinclusionofastronomy.Overthelasttwomillennia,physicswasapartofnaturalphilosophyalongwithchemistry,certainbranchesofmathematics,andbiology,butduringtheScientificRevolutioninthe17thcentury,thenaturalsciencesemergedasuniqueresearchprogramsintheirownright.Physicsintersectswithmanyinterdisciplinaryareasofresearch,suchasbiophysicsandquantumchemistry,andtheboundariesofphysicsarenotrigidlydefined.Newideasinphysicsoftenexplainthefundamentalmechanismsofothersciences,whileopeningnewavenuesofresearchinareassuchasmathematicsandphilosophy.
Physicsalsomakessignificantcontributionsthroughadvancesinnewtechnologiesthatarisefromtheoreticalbreakthroughs.Forexample,advancesintheunderstandingofelectromagnetismornuclearphysicsleddirectlytothedevelopmentofnewproductswhichhavedramaticallytransformedmodern-daysociety,suchastelevision,computers,domesticappliances,andnuclearweapons;
advancesinthermodynamicsledtothedevelopmentofindustrialization;
andadvancesinmechanicsinspiredthedevelopmentofcalculus.
Coretheories
Thoughphysicsdealswithawidevarietyofsystems,certaintheoriesareusedbyallphysicists.Eachofthesetheorieswereexperimentallytestednumeroustimesandfoundcorrectasanapproximationofnature(withinacertaindomainofvalidity).
Forinstance,thetheoryofclassicalmechanicsaccuratelydescribesthemotionofobjects,providedtheyaremuchlargerthanatomsandmovingatmuchlessthanthespeedoflight.Thesetheoriescontinuetobeareasofactiveresearch,andaremarkableaspectofclassicalmechanicsknownaschaoswasdiscoveredinthe20thcentury,threecenturiesaftertheoriginalformulationofclassicalmechanicsbyIsaacNewton(1642–1727)【艾萨克·
牛顿】.
Thesecentraltheoriesareimportanttoolsforresearchintomorespecializedtopics,andanyphysicist,regardlessofhisorherspecialization,isexpectedtobeliterateinthem.Theseincludeclassicalmechanics,quantummechanics,thermodynamicsandstatisticalmechanics,electromagnetism,andspecialrelativity.
Classicalandmodernphysics
Classicalmechanics
Classicalphysicsincludesthetraditionalbranchesandtopicsthatwererecognizedandwell-developedbeforethebeginningofthe20thcentury—classicalmechanics,acoustics,optics,thermodynamics,andelectromagnetism.
Classicalmechanicsisconcernedwithbodiesactedonbyforcesandbodiesinmotionandmaybedividedintostatics(studyoftheforcesonabodyorbodiesatrest),kinematics(studyofmotionwithoutregardtoitscauses),anddynamics(studyofmotionandtheforcesthataffectit);
mechanicsmayalsobedividedintosolidmechanicsandfluidmechanics(knowntogetherascontinuummechanics),thelatterincludingsuchbranchesashydrostatics,hydrodynamics,aerodynamics,andpneumatics.
Acousticsisthestudyofhowsoundisproduced,controlled,transmittedandreceived.Importantmodernbranchesofacousticsincludeultrasonics,thestudyofsoundwavesofveryhighfrequencybeyondtherangeofhumanhearing;
bioacousticsthephysicsofanimalcallsandhearing,andelectroacoustics,themanipulationofaudiblesoundwavesusingelectronics.
Optics,thestudyoflight,isconcernednotonlywithvisiblelightbutalsowithinfraredandultravioletradiation,whichexhibitallofthephenomenaofvisiblelightexceptvisibility,e.g.,reflection,refraction,interference,diffraction,dispersion,andpolarizationoflight.
Heatisaformofenergy,theinternalenergypossessedbytheparticlesofwhichasubstanceiscomposed;
thermodynamicsdealswiththerelationshipsbetweenheatandotherformsofenergy.
Electricityandmagnetismhavebeenstudiedasasinglebranchofphysicssincetheintimateconnectionbetweenthemwasdiscoveredintheearly19thcentury;
anelectriccurrentgivesrisetoamagneticfieldandachangingmagneticfieldinducesanelectriccurrent.Electrostaticsdealswithelectricchargesatrest,electrodynamicswithmovingcharges,andmagnetostaticswithmagneticpolesatrest.
ModernPhysics
Classicalphysicsisgenerallyconcernedwithmatterandenergyonthenormalscaleofobservation,whilemuchofmodernphysicsisconcernedwiththebehaviorofmatterandenergyunderextremeconditionsorontheverylargeorverysmallscale.
Forexample,atomicandnuclearphysicsstudiesmatteronthesmallestscaleatwhichchemicalelementscanbeidentified.
Thephysicsofelementaryparticlesisonanevensmallerscale,asitisconcernedwiththemostbasicunitsofmatter;
thisbranchofphysicsisalsoknownashigh-energyphysicsbecauseoftheextremelyhighenergiesnecessarytoproducemanytypesofparticlesinlargeparticleaccelerators.Onthisscale,ordinary,commonsensenotionsofspace,time,matter,andenergyarenolongervalid.
Thetwochieftheoriesofmodernphysicspresentadifferentpictureoftheconceptsofspace,time,andmatterfromthatpresentedbyclassicalphysics.
Quantumtheoryisconcernedwiththediscrete,ratherthancontinuous,natureofmanyphenomenaattheatomicandsubatomiclevel,andwiththecomplementaryaspectsofparticlesandwavesinthedescriptionofsuchphenomena.
Thetheoryofrelativityisconcernedwiththedescriptionofphenomenathattakeplaceinaframeofreferencethatisinmotionwithrespecttoanobserver;
thespecialtheoryofrelativityisconcernedwithrelativeuniformmotioninastraightlineandthegeneraltheoryofrelativitywithacceleratedmotionanditsconnectionwithgravitation.
Bothquantumtheoryandthetheoryofrelativityfindapplicationsinallareasofmodernphysics.
Differencebetweenclassicalandmodernphysics
Whilephysicsaimstodiscoveruniversallaws,itstheorieslieinexplicitdomainsofapplicability.Looselyspeaking,thelawsofclassicalphysicsaccuratelydescribesystemswhoseimportantlengthscalesaregreaterthantheatomicscaleandwhosemotionsaremuchslowerthanthespeedoflight.Outsideofthisdomain,observationsdonotmatchtheirpredictions.
AlbertEinstein【阿尔伯特·
爱因斯坦】contributedtheframeworkofspecialrelativity,whichreplacednotionsofabsolutetimeandspacewithspace-timeandallowedanaccuratedescriptionofsystemswhosecomponentshavespeedsapproachingthespeedoflight.
MaxPlanck【普朗克】,ErwinSchrö
dinger【薛定谔】,andothersintroducedquantummechanics,aprobabilisticnotionofparticlesandinteractionsthatallowedanaccuratedescriptionofatomicandsubatomicscales.
Later,quantumfieldtheoryunifiedquantummechanicsandspecialrelativity.
Generalrelativityallowedforadynamical,curvedspace-time,withwhichhighlymassivesystemsandthelarge-scalestructureoftheuniversecanbewell-described.Generalrelativityhasnotyetbeenunifiedwiththeotherfundamentaldescriptions;
severalcandidatetheoriesofquantumgravityarebeingdeveloped.
Researchfields
Contemporaryresearchinphysicscanbebroadlydividedintocondensedmatterphysics;
atomic,molecular,andopticalphysics;
particlephysics;
astrophysics;
geophysicsandbiophysics.SomephysicsdepartmentsalsosupportresearchinPhysicseducation.
Sincethe20thcentury,theindividualfieldsofphysicshavebecomeincreasinglyspecialized,andtodaymostphysicistsworkinasinglefieldfortheirentirecareers."
Universalists"
suchasAlbertEinstein(1879–1955)andLevLandau(1908–1968)
【列夫·
朗道】,whoworkedinmultiplefieldsofphysics,arenowveryrare.
Condensedmatterphysics
Condensedmatterphysicsisthefieldofphysicsthatdealswiththemacroscopicphysicalpropertiesofmatter.Inparticular,itisconcernedwiththe"
condensed"
phasesthatappearwheneverthenumberofparticlesinasystemisextremelylargeandtheinteractionsbetweenthemarestrong.
Themostfamiliarexamplesofcondensedphasesaresolidsandliquids,whicharisefromthebondingbywayoftheelectromagneticforcebetweenatoms.Moreexoticcondensedphasesincludethesuper-fluidandtheBose–Einsteincondensatefoundincertainatomicsystemsatverylowtemperature,thesuperconductingphaseexhibitedbyconductionelectronsincertainmaterials,andtheferromagneticandantiferromagneticphasesofspinsonatomiclattices.
Condensedmatterphysicsisbyfarthelargestfieldofcontemporaryphysics.
Historically,condensedmatterphysicsgrewoutofsolid-statephysics,whichisnowconsideredoneofitsmainsubfields.ThetermcondensedmatterphysicswasapparentlycoinedbyPhilipAndersonwhenherenamedhisresearchgroup—previouslysolid-statetheory—in1967.In1978,theDivisionofSolidStatePhysicsoftheAmerican
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