外文翻译关于内部控制的意见Word下载.docx
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外文翻译关于内部控制的意见Word下载.docx
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Withincreasingfrequency,auditorshearthesuggestionthattheyshouldexpressanopinionontheeffectivenessofaclient'
sinternalcontrolsystem.Advocatesofthisextensionoftheattestfunctionarequicktopointoutthattherearealreadyinstancesinwhichindependentauditorsarereportingpubliclyontheeffectivenessoftheirclients'
systemsofinternalcontrolandthatsomegovernmentagencies,includingtheSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninsomeeases,requireareport.Opponentsofattestation-typereportscounterthatanyreportoninternalcontroleffectivenesswouldbemisleadingtothepublicandtheybelievethatthereisasignificantdifferencebetweenpresentregulatoryagencyreportingrequirementsandanopiniononinternalcontrol.Thisarticlereviewsthepresentreportingpractices,considersthedesirablefeaturesofthereportsaswellastheassociatedhazards,and,finally,proposessomeofthequestionswhichmustbeansweredbeforeanyfinaljudgmentcanbemade.
THECURRENTSTATUSOFREPORTS
Althoughauditors'
reportsdoinseveralcircumstancescontainreferencestointernalcontrol,thenatureoftherepresentationsmadeconcerningeffectivenessdiffersignificantly.
Largebanks.Opinionsoninternalcontrolare,infact,givenintheeaseofafewlargebanksandtheopinionsdoappearinpublishedannualreports.Theseopinionsaresometimesrequestedbytheboardofdirectors.Forexample,thefollowingopinionappearsinthe1969annualreportofalargeNewYorkbank,asathirdparagraphintheindependentaccountant'
sstandardshort-formreport:
Ourexaminationincludedanevaluationoftheeffectivenessofthehunk'
sinternalaccountingcontrols,includingtheinternalauditing.Inouropinion,lieproceduresineffect,togetherwiththeexaminationsconductedbythebank'
sinternalauditstaff,constituteaneffectivesystemofinternalaccountingcontrol.
Opinionsarerenderedforafewotherbanks,buttheyareessentiallythesameasthequotedopinion.
SECrequirements.SECFormX-17A-5,whichrequiresthattheindependentauditormakecertainrepresentationsconcerninginternalcontrol,mustbefiledannuallybymostmembersofnationalsecuritiesexchangesandeverybrokerordealerregisteredpursuanttoSection15oftheSecuritiesExchangeActof1934.
Inaddition,theSEC'
sRule17a-5(g)requiresthattheindependentauditor'
sreportcontain"
astatementastowhethertheaccountantreviewedtheproceduresforsafeguardingthesecuritiesofcustomers."
Moreover,manyexchangesrequirethatthereportindicatethatareviewhasbeenmadeof"
theaccountingsystem,theinternalaccountingcontrolandproceduresforsafeguardingsecuritiesincludingappropriateteststhereoffortheperiodsincethepriorexaminationdate,"
and,evidently,theSECstaffprefersthattheaccountantincludelanguagesimilartothatrequiredbytheexchangesinallreportsfiledwiththeSEC.Thescopeparagraphofthereportusuallyreadsasfollows:
Wehaveexaminedthestatementoffinancialconditionof(name)asof(date).Ourexaminationwasmadeinaccordancewithgenerallyacceptedauditingstandards,andaccordinglyincludedareviewoftheaccountingsystem,theinternalaccountingcontrolandproceduresforsafeguardingsecuritiesandsuchteststhereofsincethepriorexaminationdote,(date)andoftheaccountingrecordsandsuchotherauditingproceduresasweconsiderednecessaryinthecircumstances.(Emphasisadded.)
Toavoidconfusionastothetypeofreviewmade,itisrelatedto"
generallyacceptedauditingstandards"
bytheword"
accordingly."
Notethattherequirementismetwithouttheexpressionofanopiniononadequacysincethereportmerelystatesthatareviewhasbeenmade.
Iftherearematerialinadequaciesininternalcontrol,theindependentauditorisrequiredtoreportthemtotheSEC,butaccordingtoRuleI7a-5(b)(3)inadequaciesmaybereportedinaconfidentialsupplementaryreport.Ifnomaterialinadequaciesarefound,arepresentationtothateffectisneitherrequirednorexpected.ThereforereportstotheSECdonotconstitutetheexpressionofanopiniononinternalcontroleffectivenessand,inthisrespect,differsignificantlyfromthereportsissuedforafewlargebanks.
Othergovernmentagencies.Governmentagenciesdifferwidelyinthetypeofreportrequiredoninternalcontrol.PerhapsthemoststringentrequirementisthatadministeredbytheOfficeofEconomicOpportunity.Section243oftheEconomicOpportunityAmendmentsof1967requiresanauditor'
sappraisalofagrantee'
saccountingsystemandinternalcontrolsbeforeasubstantialamountofOEOgrantfundshavebeenexpended.Theauditor'
sreportmustincludethefollowingopinion:
Theaccountingsystemandinternalcontrolsofthe(granteeanddelegateagencies)areconsidered(adequate,inadequate)tosafeguardtheassetsofthegrantee,checktheaccuracyandreliabilityofaccountingdata,promoteoperationalefficiencyandencourageadherencetoprescribedmanagementpolicies.
SomeagenciesrequireareportverysimilartothatrequiredbytheSECforbrokers.TheFederalHomeLoanBankBoard,forexample,requiresthattheauditor'
sreportindicatethatinternalcontrolhasbeenreviewedandrequiressubmissionofacopyofthemanagementlettercontainingcommentsaboutanyweaknessesinthesystemandrecommendationsfortheircorrection.
THEDESIRABILITYOFREPORTINGONINTERNALCONTROL
Thosewhobelievethatreportsoninternalcontrolaredesirabledosoprimarilyfortworeasons.First,theybelievesuchreportswouldbeusefultothepublicinevaluatingmanagement'
sperformanceinthisareaofitsresponsibility.Someregardsuchreportsasafeasibleandlogicalfirststeptowardreportsonmanagement'
sperformanceinotherareas.
Thesecondreasonadvancedbyadvocatesofreportsoninternalcontrolisthatthesereportswouldprovideanadditionalbasisforrelianceonuneditedinterimfinancialstatements.Inviewoftheincreasingimportanceofquarterlyandotherinterimstatements,theadvocatesbelievethatsuchreportswouldprovideausefulpublicservice.Opponents,ontheotherhand,areconcernedthatsuchreportswouldbeadisservicetothepublicbecauseoftheriskofmisunderstandingandunwarrantedreliance.Thus,thecruxofthequestionconcerningdesirabilityofreportingoninternalcontrolturnsonanevaluationofthepotentialbenefitsandhazardstothereadersofsuchreports.
HAZARDSOFREPORTINGONINTERNALCONTROL
Ifreportingoninternalcontrolholdspotentialbenefitfortheprofessionandreportusers,whathasimpededwholeheartedassumptionofresponsibilityforreportingoninternalcontrol?
First,thereisreallynosuchthingasanoverallevaluationofinternalcontrol.Anauditorviewsinternalcontrolintermsofspecifictypesoferrorsandirregularitieswhichmayoccurbecauseofweaknessesintheproceduresconcerningspecificclassesoftransactionsandrelatedassets.Unlessinternalcontrolisexcellentineveryrespect,generalizationsabouttheadequacyoftheoverallsystemareextremelydifficulttomake.Strengthsinoneareaofinternalcontroldonotnormallyoffsetweaknessesinanotherarea.Weaknessesincashreceiptsproceduresarenotmitigatedbystrengthinhandlingofcashdisbursements,andadequatecollectionprocedurescannotsubstituteforineffectivecontroloverbillingprocedures.
Secondandcloselyrelatedtothedifficultiesofanoverallevaluation,thereistheincomparabilityofanopiniononthefinancialstatementstakenasawholeandanopinionontheinternalcontrolsys-temtakenasawhole.Weaknessesininternalcontrolcanhaveapotentialmaterialimpactonoperations,buttheirmaterialitycannotbeevaluatedinthesamemannerthataknowndollaramountoferrorcanbewithrespecttothefinancialstatementstakenasawhole.Therefore,itisdifficulttoformulatethelanguageofastandardreportfromwhichdeviationscouldbeconsideredashavingaspecialandknownsignificance.
Third,therearemanyinherentlimitationsontheeffectivenessofanysystemofinternalcontrol.Certainactionsarenotsubjecttocontrolwithinthescopeofinternalcontrolsystems.Controlproceduresthatdependprimarilyontheseparationofincompatibledutiescanbecircumventedbycollusion.Managementofficialswhoarechargedwithadministeringtheinternalcontrolsystemareinapositiontoperpetrateintentionalerrorsandirregularitiesin.spiteofthecontrolsthatmightpreventsimilaractionsbylowerrankingemployees.Perhapsthemostcriticalinherentlimitationisthefactthatperformanceofman>
controlproceduresisdependentonhumanjudgmentandvolitionandtherearemanypossibilitiesforerrorarisingfrommisunderstandings,mistakes,carelessness,distractionorfatigue.
Finally—partiallyasaconsequenceoftheotherproblems-reportsoninternalcontrolcreateasignificantpossibilityofunwarrantedandmisleadinginferencesonthepartofusers.Prominentamongpossiblemisunderstandingsistheunwarrantedprojectionoftheopinionintofutureperiodsandtheconcomitantunduerelianceonuneditedfinancialinformation.Thereviewandtestsofinternalcontrolpertainonlytotheperiodcoveredduringtheexamination.Inthefuture,conditions,proceduresandcompliancemaychange.Manychangesmayoccurtocausevariationsincompliancewithestablishedprocedures,includingnewemployeesoremployeestakingovernewresponsibilities,unusualfluctuationsinbusinessvolumethatcauseemployeesto
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