植物学专业英语资料经典超全面Word格式.docx
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植物学专业英语资料经典超全面Word格式.docx
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Plantisanyautotrophicorganism.Itproducesitsownfoodfromrawinorganicmaterialsandsunlight.
Five-kingdomsystem:
Monera,Protista,Fungi,Plantae,Animalia
Plantisamulticellular,eukaryoticorganismthatgenerallydoesnothavesensoryorgansorvoluntarymotionandhas,whencomplete,aroot,stem,andleaves.
1.2PlantCytology
1.2.1Definition
PlantCellBiology(formerlyplantcytology)isthebranchofBotanyandCellBiologythatstudiesplantcells.
1.2.2Researchareas
Physiologicalpropertiesofcells
Cellstructure(includeorganelles)
Interactionswithenvironment
Cellcycle
Celldivision
Celldeath
1.2.3ResearchTools
OpticalMicroscope
TransmissionElectronMicroscope
ScanningElectronMicroscope
FluorescenceMicroscope
ConfocalMicroscope
1.3PlantMorphology
1.3.1Definition
PlantmorphologyisthebranchofBotanythatstudiesthephysicalformsandexternalstructuresofplants.
Plantmorphologyrepresentsastudyofthedevelopment,form,andstructureofplants.
1.3.2Researchareas
Therearefourmajorareasofinvestigationinplantmorphology,andeachoverlapswithanotherfieldofthebiologicalsciences.
Comparativemorphology:
themorphologistexaminesstructuresinmanydifferentplantsofthesameordifferentspecies,thendrawscomparisonsandformulatesideasaboutsimilarities.Thisaspectofplantmorphologyoverlapswiththestudyofplantevolutionandpaleobotany.
●Homology-thestructureissimilarbetweenthetwospeciesbecauseofsharedancestryandcommongenetics.Forexample,theleavesofpine,oak,andcabbagealllookverydifferent,butsharecertainbasicstructuresandarrangementofparts.
●Convergence-thestructureissimilarbetweenthetwospeciesbecauseofindependentadaptationtocommonenvironmentalpressures.
Plantdevelopment:
theprocessbywhichstructuresoriginateandmatureasaplantgrows.Thisareaofplantmorphologyoverlapswithplantphysiologyandecology.
Vegetativeandreproductivecharacters:
Plantmorphologytreatsboththevegetativestructuresofplants,aswellasthereproductivestructures.Thisareaofplantmorphologyoverlapswiththestudyofbiodiversityandplantsystematics.
Structuresatarangeofscales:
Atthesmallestscalesareultrastructure,thegeneralstructuralfeaturesofcellsvisibleonlywiththeaidofanelectronmicroscope.Atthisscale,plantmorphologyoverlapswithplantanatomy.Atthelargestscaleisthestudyofplantgrowthhabit,theoverallarchitectureofaplant.
1.4PlantAnatomy
Plantanatomyisthestudyoftheinternalstructureofplants.Itwasincludedinplantmorphologybefore.Itisnowfrequentlyinvestigatedatthecellularlevel,andofteninvolvesthesectioningoftissuesandmicroscopy.
1.5PlantTaxonomy
1.5.1Definition
Planttaxonomyisthesciencethatfinds,describes,classifies,identifies,andnamesplants.Planttaxonomyiscloselyalliedtoplantsystematics,andthereisnosharpboundarybetweenthetwo.Inpractice,"
plantsystematics"
isinvolvedwithrelationshipsbetweenplantsandtheirevolution,especiallyatthehigherlevels,whereas"
planttaxonomy"
dealswiththeactualhandlingofplantspecimens.
1.5.2Twogoalsofplanttaxonomy
Twogoalsofplanttaxonomyaretheidentificationandclassificationofplants.Thedistinctionbetweenthesetwogoalsisimportantandoftenoverlooked.Plantidentificationisthedeterminationoftheidentityofanunknownplantbycomparisonwithpreviouslycollectedspecimensorwiththeaidofbooksoridentificationmanuals.Theprocessofidentificationconnectsthespecimenwithapublishedname.Onceaplantspecimenhasbeenidentified,itsnameandpropertiesareknown.Plantclassificationistheplacingofknownplantsintogroupsorcategoriestoshowsomerelationship.Scientificclassificationfollowsasystemofrulesthatstandardizestheresults,andgroupssuccessivecategoriesintoahierarchy.
1.6Plantecology
Plantecologyisthesubdisciplineofecologywhichstudiesthedistributionandabundanceofplants,theinteractionsamongandbetweenmembersofplantspecies,andtheirinteractionswiththeirenvironment.Plantecologyhasitsrootsbothinplantgeographyandinstudiesoftheinteractionsbetweenindividualplantsandtheirenvironment.Thescopeofplantecologyencompassesplantecophysiology,plantpopulationecology,communityecology,ecosystemecology,landscapeecologyandglobalecology.Atfinerscalestherearedistinctdifferencesbetweenplantandanimalecology,butatbroaderscaleslikeecosystemecologystudiestendtointegrateacrosssubdisciplines.
1.7Plantphysiology
Plantphysiologyisasubdisciplineofbotanyconcernedwiththefunctioningofplants.Closelyrelatedfieldsincludeplantmorphology,plantecology(interactionswiththeenvironment),phytochemistry(biochemistryofplants),cellbiology,andmolecularbiology.Fundamentalprocessessuchasphotosynthesis,respiration,plantnutrition,planthormonefunctions,tropisms,nasticmovements,photoperiodism,photomorphogenesis,circadianrhythms,environmentalstressphysiology,seedgermination,seeddormancy,stomatafunctionandtranspirationarestudiedbyplantphysiologists.
1.8Phytochemistry
Phytochemistryisinthestrictsenseofthewordthestudyofchemicalsderivedfromplants.Inanarrowersensethetermsareoftenusedtodescribethelargenumberofsecondarymetaboliccompoundsfoundinplants.Techniquescommonlyusedinthefieldofphytochemistryareextraction,isolationandstructuralelucidationofnaturalproducts,aswellasvariouschromatographytechniques(MPLC,HPLC,LC-MS).
1.9Ethnobotany
Ethnobotanyisthescientificstudyoftherelationshipsthatexistbetweenpeopleandplants.Ethnobotanistsaimtodocument,describeandexplaincomplexrelationshipsbetweenculturesandusesofplants,focusingonhowplantsareused,managedandperceivedacrosshumansocieties(e.g.asfoods;
asmedicines;
indivination;
incosmetics;
indyeing;
astextiles;
inconstruction;
astools;
ascurrency;
asclothing;
inliterature;
inrituals;
andinsociallife.
1.10Paleobotany
Paleobotanyisthebranchofpaleontologyorpaleobiologydealingwiththerecoveryandidentificationofplantremainsfromgeologicalcontexts,andtheiruseforthebiologicalreconstructionofpastenvironmentsandtheevolutionaryhistoryofplants.Paleobotanyincludesthestudyofterrestrialplantfossils,aswellasthestudyofprehistoricmarinephotoautotrophs,suchasphotosyntheticalgae,seaweedsorkelp.Aclosely-relatedfieldispalynology,whichisthestudyoffossilizedandextantsporesandpollen.Paleobotanyisimportantinthereconstructionofancientecologicalsystemsandclimate,knownaspaleoecologyandpaleoclimatologyrespectively;
andisfundamentaltothestudyofgreenplantdevelopmentandevolution.Paleobotanyhasalsobecomeimportanttothefieldofarchaeology,primarilyfortheuseofphytolithsinrelativedating.
1.11PlantGeography
1.11.1Definition
Phytogeographyisthebranchofbiogeographythatisconcernedwiththegeographicdistributionofplantspecies.Phytogeographyisconcernedwithallaspectsofplantdistribution,fromthecontrolsonthedistributionofindividualspeciesrangestothefactorsthatgovernthecompositionofentirecommunitiesandfloras.
1.11.2Researchareas
EcologicalPhytogeographyinvestigatestheroleofcurrentdaybioticandabioticinteractionsininfluencingplantdistributions.
HistoricalPhytogeographyisconcernedwithhistoricalreconstructionoftheorigin,dispersal,andextinctionoftaxa.
Floristicsisastudyofthefloraofsometerritoryorarea.
1.12PlantMolecularBiology
PlantMolecularbiologyisthestudyofmolecularunderpinningsoftheprocessofreplication,transcriptionandtranslationofthegeneticmaterialsinplants.
Molecularbiologyisthestudyofbiologyatamolecularlevel.Thisfieldoverlapswithotherareasofbiologyandchemistry,particularlygeneticsandbiochemistry.Molecularbiologychieflyconcernsitselfwithunderstandingtheinteractionsbetweenthevarioussystemsofacell,includingtheinteractionsbetweenDNA,RNAandproteinbiosynthesisaswellaslearninghowtheseinteractionsareregulated.
1.13PlantGenetics
PlantgeneticsisthebranchofBotanyandGeneticsthatdealswithheredity,especiallythemechanismsofhereditarytransmissionandthevariationofinheritedcharacteristicsamongsimilarorrelatedplants.
Chapter2PlantCell
2.1Protoplasm
Protoplasmisthelivingcontentofacellthatissurroundedbyacellmembrane.Protoplasmiscomposedofamixtureofsmallmoleculessuchasions,aminoacids,monosaccharidesandwater,andmacromoleculessuchasnucleicacids,proteins,lipidsandpolysaccharides.Protoplasmisdistinctfromnon-livingcellcomponentsnamedasergasticsubstances,althoughergasticsubstancescanoccurintheprotoplasm.
Aprotoplastisaplantorfungalcellthathashaditscellwallremoved.
2.2PlantCellStructure
2.2.1CellWall
Acellwallisatough,flexibleandsometimesfairlyrigidlayerthatsurroundssometypesofcells.Itislocatedoutsidethecellmembrane.Cellwallsarefoundinplants,bacteria,fungi,algae,andsomearchaea.Animalsandprotozoadonothavecellwalls.
Thewallgivescellsrigidityandstrength,offeringprotectionagainstmechanicalstress.Inmult
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