英语语言学自编教材第一章Word文件下载.docx
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英语语言学自编教材第一章Word文件下载.docx
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目录是全书内容的高度浓缩和概括,它不仅包括本学科所涉及的主要内容,而且也涉及内容与内容之间的联系。
在整体把握课本内容的基础上,再从宏观进入到微观学习。
通过细节的学习来加深对课本宏观内容的把握,而对课本宏观的把握又会有助于课本细节的学习,做到“既见森林,又见树木”。
要理解语言学的基本概念,就要注意分析课本中围绕基本概念所提供的各种例子,多思考,细析辨。
只有在理解基础上的记忆才会变得长久。
学习者应能结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来理解和解释有关理论,以达到理论和实践的结合。
比较和对比是该课程学习中不可缺少的两种方法。
通过比较,可以找出不同概念之间的相似性,通过对比可以理解不同概念之间的相异性。
比较和对比的结合有助于弄清概念之间的异同及其内在的联系。
《新概念英语语言学教程》是集体的智慧。
除了主编与副主编外,参加教材编写工作和校对工作的还有段婷婷、李剑、李义成、李奕华、王军、张佳易、周同、朱军等(以姓氏笔画排序)。
在此,我们向他们表示感谢。
由于我们水平有限,教材中错误难免,恳请广大教师与读者多提宝贵意见和建议,以便我们对教材作进一步修订。
朱跃
2010年1月于安徽大学
Chapter1Introduction
1.Whatislinguistics?
.......................................................................
1.1Definitionoflinguistics…………………………………………..
1.2Mainbranchesoflinguistics…………………………………….
1.3Whystudylanguage?
…………………………………………..
2.Whatislanguage?
……………………………………………………….
2.1Definitionoflanguage………………………………………………..
2.2Designfeaturesoflanguage……………………………..
3.Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics………………………………………
3.1Prescriptivevs.descriptive…………………………………………………
3.2Synchronicvs.diachronic…………………………………………………..
3.3Speechvs.writing…………………………
3.4Languevs.parole……………………………..
3.5Competencevs.performance………………………………………….
Exercises………………………………………………………………….
FurtherReading……………………………………………………………………..
Chapter2Phonetics
1.Thephonicmediumoflanguage…………………….
2.Phonetics……………………………………………
2.1Whatisphonetics?
…………………………………..
2.2Organsofspeech………………………………..
2.2.1Theoralcavity……………………………
2.2.2Thenasalcavity
…….
…………………….
2.2.3Pharyngealcavity………………………………
2.3ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds…………..
2.3.1ClassificationofEnglishconsonants…………………………..
2.3.2ClassificationofEnglishvowels………………………..
Exercises……………………………………..
FurtherReading………………………………………………..
Chapter3Phonology
1.Generalintroductiontophonology…………………………………
2.Basicconceptsofphonology……………………………
2.1Phone,phonemeandallophone………………….
2.2Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistributionandminimalpair….
2.3Broadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscription…………………
3.Somephonologicalrules………………………………………………
3.1Sequentialrules………………………………………………………..
3.2Assimilationrules……………………………………………………
4.Suprasegmentalfeatures:
stress,toneandintonation……………………….
4.1Stress……………………………………………………………….
4.2Tone…………………………………………………….
4.3Intonation………………………………………………………………….
Exercises…………………………………………………………………………….
FurtherReading……………………………………………………………………..
Chapter4Morphology………………………………………………………………
1.Morphology………………………………………..
2.Morphemes……………………………………………..
3.Typesofmorphemes……………………………………………………
3.1Freemorphemes………………………………………………………………
3.2Boundmorphemes…………………………………………………………….
3.2.1Root…………………………………………………………………….
3.2.2Affixes………………………………………………………………….
4.Allomorph…………………………………………………………….
5.Wordformationrules………………………………………………………..
5.1Compounding………………………………………………………………..
5.2Derivation…………………………………………………………………..
5.3Conversion………………………………………………………………….
5.4Clipping………………………………………………………………………
5.5Initialism……………………………………………………………..
5.6Acronym……………………………………………………….
5.7Blending………………………………………………………..
5.8Back-formation………………………………………………………
Exercises……………………………………………………………………..
FurtherReading………………………………………………………………………………….
Chapter5Syntax……………………………………………………………
1.Syntacticcategories……………………………………………..
2.Combinationalrules………………………………………………
3.Sentencestructure………………………………………………………..
3.1ThestructuralapproachandICanalysis…………………………………
3.2AdvantagesandproblemsofICanalysis
3.3Transformational-generativegrammar………………………………………..
3.3.1Surfacestructureanddeepstructure…………………………………
3.3.2Phrasestructurerules……………………………………
3.3.3Transformationalrules…………………………………
3.3.4Morphophonemicrules…………………………………
4.Universalgrammar…………………………………
4.1TheobservationalbasisofUG………………………………………….
4.2GeneralprinciplesofUG…………………………………………..
4.2.1Thestructure-dependencyprinciple……………………….
4.2.2Thesubjacencyprinciple………………………………….
4.2.3Theadjacencyprinciple…………………………………
4.3GeneralparametersofUG……………………………………….
4.3.1Thepro-dropparameter………………………………….
4.3.2Theadjacencyparameter……………………………………
4.3.3Thedirectionalityparameter…………………………………………
Exercises……………………………………………………
FurtherReading……………………………………………………………..
Chapter6Semantics
1.Generalintroduction……………………………..
2.Approachestosemantics……………………………………………………..
2.1Thenamingtheory………………………………………………………
2.2Theconceptualisttheory………………………………………………
2.3Contextualism…………………………………………………..
2.4Behaviorism…………………………………………………………..
3.Lexicalmeaning………………………………………………………….
3.1Senseandreference……………………………………………………
3.2.Majorsemanticrelationshipsbetweenwords………………………..
3.2.1Synonymy…………………………………………………………….
3.2.2Polysemy……………………………………………………………..
3.2.3Homonymy……………………………………………………………
3.2.4Hyponymy……………………………………………………………….
3.2.5Antonymy……………………………………………………………..
4.Sentencemeaning………………………………………………………………
5.Analysisofmeaning……………………………………………………………..
5.1Componentialanalysis—awaytoanalyzelexicalmeaning………….
5.2Predicationanalysis—awaytoanalyzesentencemeaning…………..
Exercises…………………………………………………………………
FurtherReading………………………………………………………………………..
Chapter7Pragmatics…………………………………………………………
1.Whatispragmatics?
……………………………………………………….
2.Context…………………………………………………………..
3.Entailment……………………………………………….
4.Presupposition…………………………………………………..
5.Speechacts…………………………………………………………………….
6.Conversationalimplicatures……………………………………………….
7.Thecooperativeprinciple……………………………………………………..
8.Deixis…………………………………………………………………………..
9.Politenessprinciple………………………………………………………………….
Exercises…………………………………………………………………….
FurtherReading……………………………………………………………………….
Chapter8LanguageandSociety
1.Speechcommunity………………………………………………….
2.Relationshipsbetweenlanguageandsociety………………………………
3.Languagevarieties……………………………………………………………..
3.1Dialects………………………………………………………………………
3.1.1Regionaldialects…………………………………………………….
3.1.2Socialdialects……………………………………………………………..
3.1.2.1Languagevariationwithsocialclasses:
classdialect………
3.1.2.2Languagevariationwithsex:
genderlect……………………
3.1.2.3Languagevariationwithage:
Agedialect………………….
3.1.2.4Languagevariationwithethnicgroup:
ethnicdialect……….
3.1.2.5Languagevariationwithindividuals:
idiolect……………
3.1.3Standarddialect……………………………………………………
3.2Register……………………………………………………………….
3.3Mixtureofvarieties…………………………………………………………
3.3.1Pidgins………………………………………………………………….
3.3.2Creoles………………………………………………………………
3.3.3Linguafranca…………………………………………………………….
Exercises………………………………………………………………………….
FurtherReadings…………………………………………………………………
Chapter9LanguageandCulture
1.Generalintroduction………………………………………………………
1.1Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture……………………..
1.2TheSapir-Whorfhypothesis………………………………..
2.Cross-culturalcommunication…………………………..
2.1Meaningassign………………………………………………..
2.2Culturalclash………………………………………………………
2.3Stereotype…………………………………………………………
Exercises………………………………………………………………..
Chapter10LanguageandAcquisition
1.Behaviorism…………………………………………………………………………
2.Innatism:
howlanguagesarelearned…………………………………..
3.Interactionisttheory:
howlanguagesarelearned……………………….
4.Interlanguage:
howlanguagesarelearned………………………………..
5.Acquisitionvs.learning……………………………………………….
6.Competenceandperformance………………………………………………
7.Universalgrammar………………………………………………………….
8.Languagetransfer………………………………………………………………..
9.Comprehensibleinput………………………………………………………………
10.Criticalperiodhypothesis………………………………………………
Exercises…………………………………………………………..
FurtherReading……………………………………………………….
Chapter11LanguageandMethodology
1.Approachestolanguageteaching…………………………………………………
2.Contributionoflinguisticstolanguageteaching…………………………………..
3.Languagetesting……………………………………………..
3.1Basicconsiderationsoflanguagetesting…………………………
3.2Maintypesoflanguagetests……………………………………………
Exercises……………………………………………………………………..
FurtherReading…………………………………………………………….
References
Chapter1Introduction
1.WhatisLinguistics?
1.1DefinitionofLinguistics
●RelevantLanguageUseObservationsandQuestionstoPonderover
1)
Whatdoyouthinklinguisticsisabout?
2)Discusswithyourpartnerhowwecanstudylanguageinascientificway?
3)Inyouropinion,what’sthegoalofalinguist?
●SummariestoMakeandLinguisticViewpointstoLearn
Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.Theword“language”withnoarticleimpliesthatlinguisticsstudieslanguagesingeneral,notanyparticularlanguage.Theword“study”means“investigate”or“examine”insteadof“learn”.Linguisticsendeavorstoanswerthequestionsofwhatlanguageisandhowitisrepresentedinthemind?
Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationofdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.Linguistsfocusondescribingandexplaininglanguageandarenotconcernedwiththeprescriptiverulesofthelanguage.Linguistsare
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