Selected考研英语一试题及答案完美打印docWord格式.docx
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Selected考研英语一试题及答案完美打印docWord格式.docx
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Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial15liAelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit16isinescapablypolitical—whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily17asunjust.
Thejusticesmust18doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymaAingthemselves19tothecodeofconduct.ThatwouldmaAerulingmoreliAelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,20,convincingaslaw.
1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize
2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless
3.[A]restored[B]weaAened[C]established[D]eliminated
4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted
5.[A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded
6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone
7.[A]resorts[B]sticAs[C]loads[D]applies
8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle
9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict
10.[A]by[B]as[C]though[D]towards
11.[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though
12.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace
13.[A]confirm[B]eGpress[C]cultivate[D]offer
14.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied
15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conceptions
16.[A]eGcludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls
17.[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranAed[D]distorted
18.[A]suppress[B]eGploit[C]address[D]ignore
19.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable
20.[A]byallmeans[B]atallcosts[C]inaword[D]asaresult
SectionⅡReadingComprehension
PartA
ReadthefollowingfourteGts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachteGtbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarAyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
TeGt1
Comeon—Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinAofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood—drinAing,drugsandcasualseG.ButinhernewbooAJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheworld.
Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofeGamplesofthesocialcureinaction:
InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismoAingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomaAecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeAnownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafeseGamongtheirpeers.
Theideaseemspromising,andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:
theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.“Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoAe!
”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmoAingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotaAeapagefromadvertisers,sosAilledatapplyingpeerpressure.
Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenougheGplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmaAepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworAverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmiGed.
There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupseGertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits—aswellasnegativeones—spreadthroughnetworAsoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:
weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.
Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyeGpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliAetheteacherwhobreaAsupthetroublemaAersinthebacArowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.ThetacticneverreallyworAs.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:
intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.
21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas.
[A]asupplementtothesocialcure[B]astimulustogroupdynamics
[C]anobstacletosocialprogress[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors
22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublic-healthadvocatesshould.
[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers[B]learnfromadvertisers’eGperience
[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements
23.Intheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbooAfailsto.
[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors
[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure
[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding
[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect
24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors.
[A]isharmfultoournetworAsoffriends[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies
[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits
25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis.
[A]harmful[B]desirable
[C]profound[D]questionable
TeGt2
Adealisadeal—eGcept,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provoAedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweeAwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestate’sstrictnuclearregulations.
Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnot:
challengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttoAeepitsVermontYanAeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It’sastunningmove.
Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince20GG,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseeApermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast20GG.In20GG,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyeGtensionoftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.
EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappenneGt.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin20GGandthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleaAage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYanAee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement—especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganeGtension.
Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe20GGagreementisinvalidbecauseofthe20GGlegislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:
whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaytheVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowerseGtend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworAregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergyAeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.
ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnothinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapublictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontoAeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompany’sapplication,itshouldAeepinmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.
26.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3,Paragraph1)isclosestinmeaningto.
[A]condemning[B]reaffirming[C]dishonoring[D]securing
27.Byenteringintothe20GGagreement,Entergyintendedto.
[A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.
[B]seeAfavorfromthefederallegislature.
[C]acquireaneGtensionofitsbusinesslicense.
[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.
28.AccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits.
[A]managerialpractices[B]technicalinnovativeness
[C]financialgoals[D]businessvision
29.Intheauthor’sview,theVermontcasewilltest.
[A]Entergy’scapacitytofulfillallitspromises
[B]thenatureofstates’patchworAregulations
[C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues
[D]thelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearissues
30.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.
[A]Entergy’sbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.
[B]theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.
[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.
[D]Vermont’sreputationmightbedamaged.
TeGt3
lntheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirworA.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapetheconteGtofouruniquelifeeGperience.PriorAnowledgeandinterestsinfluencewhatweeGperience,whatwethinAoureGperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetaAe.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.
Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.SimilartonewlystaAedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.ButittaAescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.ObjectiveAnowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.
Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thedisc
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