200interview questions and answersWord格式文档下载.docx
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200interview questions and answersWord格式文档下载.docx
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Aninspectionisaformalmeeting,moreformalizedthanawalk-throughandconsistsof3-10peopleincludingamoderator,readerandarecorder.Thesubjectoftheinspectionisadocument,suchasarequirementsdocumentoratestplan.Thepurposeofaninspectionistofindproblemsandseewhatismissing,nottofixanything.Theresultofthemeetingshouldbedocumentedinawrittenreport.
Whatisquality?
Qualitysoftwareissoftwarethatisreasonablybug-free,deliveredontimeand
withinbudget,meetsrequirementsandexpectationsandismaintainable.
However,qualityisasubjectiveterm.Qualitydependsonwhothecustomeris
andtheiroverallinfluenceintheschemeofthings.
Eachtypeofcustomerwillhavehisorherownslantonquality.Theaccountingdepartmentmightdefinequalityintermsofprofits,whileanend-usermightdefinequalityasuserfriendlyandbugfree.
Whyaretheresomanysoftwarebugs?
Generallyspeaking,therearebugsinsoftwarebecauseofunclear
requirements,softwarecomplexity,programmingerrors,changesin
requirements,errorsmadeinbugtracking,timepressure,poorlydocumented
codeand/orbugsintoolsusedinsoftwaredevelopment.
?
Thereareunclearsoftwarerequirementsbecausethereis
miscommunicationastowhatthesoftwareshouldorshouldn'
tdo.
Softwarecomplexity.Allofthefollowingscontributetotheexponential
growthinsoftwareandsystemcomplexity:
Windowsinterfaces,client-
serveranddistributedapplications,datacommunications,enormous
relationaldatabasesandthesheersizeofapplications.
Programmingerrorsoccurbecauseprogrammersandsoftware
engineers,likeeveryoneelse,canmakemistakes.
Astochangingrequirements,insomefast-changingbusiness
environments,continuouslymodifiedrequirementsareafactoflife.
Sometimescustomersdonotunderstandtheeffectsofchanges,or
understandthembutrequestthemanyway.Andthechangesrequire
redesignofthesoftware,reschedulingofresourcesandsomeofthe
workalreadycompletedhavetoberedoneordiscardedandhardware
requirementscanbeeffected,too.
Bugtrackingcanresultinerrorsbecausethecomplexityofkeepingtrack
ofchangescanresultinerrors,too.
Timepressurescancauseproblems,becauseschedulingofsoftware
projectsisnoteasyanditoftenrequiresalotofguessworkandwhen
deadlinesloomandthecrunchcomes,mistakeswillbemade.
Codedocumentationistoughtomaintainanditisalsotoughtomodify
codethatispoorlydocumented.Theresultisbugs.Sometimesthereis
noincentiveforprogrammersandsoftwareengineerstodocumenttheir
codeandwriteclearlydocumented,understandablecode.Sometimes
developersgetkudosforquicklyturningoutcode,orprogrammersand
softwareengineersfeeltheyhavejobsecurityifeveryonecan
understandthecodetheywrite,ortheybelieveifthecodewashardto
write,itshouldbehardtoread.
Softwaredevelopmenttools,includingvisualtools,classlibraries,
compilers,scriptingtools,canintroducetheirownbugs.Othertimesthe
toolsarepoorlydocumented,whichcancreateadditionalbugs.
Whatisagoodcode?
Agoodcodeiscodethatworks,isfreeofbugsandisreadableand
maintainable.Organizationsusuallyhavecodingstandardsalldevelopersshould
adhereto,buteveryprogrammerandsoftwareengineerhasdifferentideas
aboutwhatisbestandwhataretoomanyortoofewrules.Weneedtokeepin
mindthatexcessiveuseofrulescanstiflebothproductivityandcreativity.Peer
reviewsandcodeanalysistoolscanbeusedtocheckforproblemsandenforce
standards.
Whatisagooddesign?
Designcouldmeantomanythings,butoftenreferstofunctionaldesignor
internaldesign.Goodfunctionaldesignisindicatedbysoftwarefunctionalitycan
betracedbacktocustomerandend-userrequirements.Goodinternaldesignis
indicatedbysoftwarecodewhoseoverallstructureisclear,understandable,
easilymodifiableandmaintainable;
isrobustwithsufficienterrorhandlingand
statusloggingcapability;
andworkscorrectlywhenimplemented.
Whatissoftwarelifecycle?
Softwarelifecyclebeginswhenasoftwareproductisfirstconceivedandends
whenitisnolongerinuse.Itincludesphaseslikeinitialconcept,requirements
analysis,functionaldesign,internaldesign,documentationplanning,test
planning,coding,documentpreparation,integration,testing,maintenance,
updates,re-testingandphase-out.
HowdoYouIntroduceaNewSoftwareQAProcess?
Itdependsonthesizeoftheorganizationandtherisksinvolved.Forlarge
organizationswithhigh-riskprojects,aseriousmanagementbuy-inisrequired
andaformalizedQAprocessisnecessary.Formediumsizeorganizationswith
lowerriskprojects,managementandorganizationalbuy-inandaslower,step-by-
stepprocessisrequired.Generallyspeaking,QAprocessesshouldbebalanced
withproductivity,inordertokeepanybureaucracyfromgettingoutofhand.For
smallergroupsorprojects,anad-hocprocessismoreappropriate.Alotdepends
onteamleadsandmanagers,feedbacktodevelopersandgoodcommunication
isessentialamongcustomers,managers,developers,testengineersandtesters.
Regardlessthesizeofthecompany,thegreatestvalueforeffortisinmanaging
requirementprocesses,wherethegoalisrequirementsthatareclear,complete
and
testable.
Givemefivecommonproblemsthatoccurduringsoftwaredevelopment.
Poorlywrittenrequirements,unrealisticschedules,inadequatetesting,adding
newfeaturesafterdevelopmentisunderwayandpoorcommunication.
1.
Requirementsarepoorlywrittenwhenrequirementsareunclear,
incomplete,toogeneral,ornottestable;
thereforetherewillbeproblems.
2.
Thescheduleisunrealisticiftoomuchworkiscrammedintoolittletime.
3.
Softwaretestingisinadequateifnoneknowswhetherornotthesoftware
isanygooduntilcustomerscomplainorthesystemcrashes.
4.
It'
sextremelycommonthatnewfeaturesareaddedafterdevelopmentis
underway.
5.
Miscommunicationeithermeansthedevelopersdon'
tknowwhatis
needed,orcustomershaveunrealisticexpectationsandtherefore
problemsareguaranteed.
Givemefivesolutionstoproblemsthatoccurduringsoftwaredevelopment.
Solidrequirements,realisticschedules,adequatetesting,firmrequirements
andgoodcommunication.
Ensuretherequirementsaresolid,clear,complete,detailed,cohesive,
attainableandtestable.Allplayersshouldagreetorequirements.Use
prototypestohelpnaildownrequirements.
Haveschedulesthatarerealistic.Allowadequatetimeforplanning,
design,testing,bugfixing,re-testing,changesanddocumentation.
Personnelshouldbeabletocompletetheprojectwithoutburningout.
Dotestingthatisadequate.Starttestingearlyon,re-testafterfixesor
changes,andplanforsufficienttimeforbothtestingandbugfixing.
Avoidnewfeatures.Sticktoinitialrequirementsasmuchaspossible.Be
preparedtodefenddesignagainstchangesandadditions,once
developmenthasbegunandbepreparedtoexplainconsequences.If
changesarenecessary,ensurethey'
readequatelyreflectedinrelated
schedulechanges.Useprototypesearlyonsocustomers'
expectations
areclarifiedandcustomerscanseewhattoexpect;
thiswillminimize
changeslateron.
Communicate.Requirewalk-throughsandinspectionswhenappropriate;
makeextensiveuseofe-mail,networkedbug-trackingtools,toolsof
changemanagement.Ensuredocumentationisavailableandup-to-date.
Usedocumentationthatiselectronic,notpaper.Promoteteamworkand
cooperation.
Doautomatedtestingtoolsmaketestingeasier?
Yesandno.Forlargerprojects,orongoinglong-termprojects,theycanbe
valuable.Butforsmallprojects,thetimeneededtolearnandimplementthemis
usuallynotworthwhile.Acommontypeofautomatedtoolistherecord/playback
type.Forexample,atestengineerclicksthroughallcombinationsofmenu
choices,dialogboxchoices,buttons,etc.inaGUIandhasanautomatedtesting
toolrecordandlogtheresults.Therecordingistypicallyintheformoftext,
basedonascriptinglanguagethatthetestingtoolcaninterpret.Ifachangeis
made(e.g.newbuttonsareadded,orsomeunderlyingcodeintheapplicationis
changed),theapplicationisthenre-testedbyjustplayingbacktherecorded
actionsandcomparedtotheloggedresultsinordertocheckeffectsofthe
change.Oneproblemwithsuchtoolsisthatiftherearecontinualchangestothe
productbeingtested,therecordingshavetobechangedsooftenthatitbecomes
averytime-consumingtasktocontinuouslyupdatethescripts.Anotherproblem
withsuchtoolsistheinterpretationoftheresults(screens,data,logs,etc.)that
canbeatime-consumingtask.
Whatmakesagoodtestengineer?
RobDavisisago
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