大学六级考试阅读专项训练5篇Word格式.docx
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大学六级考试阅读专项训练5篇Word格式.docx
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sbook,
ElmoPopsIn,
andinstructshertoengrossherselfinitspages."
Justhaveaconversationwithmeaboutthebook,"
Harttellsher."
Themostimportantthingis,donotlookatVictoria."
Asthetwowomenchat,Victorialooksaroundtheroom,feelingalittlebored.
Afterafewminutes,Hartleavestheroomandreturnscradlingalifelikebabydoll.Dramatically,HartplacesitinCherylBateman'
sarms,andtellshertoembracethedollwhilecontinuingtoignoreVictoria."
That'
sOK,littlebaby,"
Batemancoos,huggingandrockingthedoll.Victoriaisnotboredanymore.Atfirst,shecracksherbestsmile.Whenthatdoesn'
twork,shebeginskicking.Buthermompayshernomind.That'
swhenVictorialosesit.Soonshe'
scryingsoharditlookslikeshemightspitup.Hartrushesin."
OK,we'
redone,"
shesays,andtakesbackthedoll.CherylBatemangoestocomfortherdaughter."
I'
veneverseenherreactlikethattoanything,"
shesays.Overthelast10months,Harthasrepeatedthescenehundredsoftimes.It'
sthesameinnearlyeverycase:
tinybabies,overwhelmedwithjealousy.EvenHartwasstunnedtofindthatinfantscouldexperienceanemotion,which,untilrecently,wasthoughttobewaybeyondtheirgrasp.
FindingsofBabyResearch
Thenewresearchissuretoconfusenewparents-see,Juniorisagenius-butit'
smorethanjustanacademicexercise.Armedwiththenewinformation,pediatricians(儿科医生)arestartingtochangethewaytheyevaluatetheiryoungestpatients.Inadditiontotrackingphysicaldevelopment,theyarenowfocusingmuchmoredeeplyonemotionaladvancement.Theresearchshowshowpowerfulemotionalwell-beingistoachild'
sfuturehealth.Ababywhofailstomeetcertainkey"
emotionalmilestones"
mayhavetroublelearningtospeak,readand,later,dowellinschool.Byreadingemotionalresponses,doctorshavebeguntodiscoverwaystotellifababyasyoungas3monthsisshowingearlysignsofpossiblepsychologicaldisorders,includingdepression,anxiety,learningdisabilitiesandperhapsautism.
Oneoftheearliestemotionsthateventinybabiesdisplayis,admirablyenough,empathy.Infact,concernforothersmaybehard-wiredintobabies'
brains.Placeanewborndownnexttoanothercryinginfant,andchancesare,bothbabieswillsoonbewailing(悲叹)away."
Peoplehavealwaysknownthatbabiescrywhentheyhearotherbabiescry,"
saysMartinHoffman,apsychologyprofessoratNewYorkUniversitywhodidthefirststudiesoninfantempathyinthe1970s."
Thequestionwas,whyaretheycrying?
"
Doesitmeanthatthebabyistrulyconcernedforhisfellowhuman,orjustannoyedbytheracket?
ArecentstudyconductedinItaly,whichbuiltonHoffman'
sownwork,haslargelysettledthequestion.Researchersplayedforinfantstapesofotherbabies'
crying.Aspredicted,thatwasenoughtostartthetearsflowing.Butwhenresearchersplayedbabies,
recordingsoftheirowncries,theyrarelybegancryingthemselves.Theverdict:
thereissomeempathyinplace,rightfrombirth,"
Hoffmansays.Theintensityoftheemotiontendstofadeovertime.Babiesolderthan6monthsnolongercrybutgrimace(作苦相)atthediscomfortofothers.By13to15months,babiestendtotakemattersintotheirownhands.They'
lltrytocomfortacryingplaymate."
WhatIfindmostcharmingiswhen,evenifthetwomothersarepresent,they'
llbringtheirownmotherovertohelp,"
Hoffmansays.
Partofthatempathymaycomefromanotherearly-babyskill,theabilitytodiscernemotionsfromthefacialexpressionsofthepeoplearoundthem."
Mosttextbooksstillsaythatbabiesyoungerthan6monthsdon'
trecognizeemotions,"
saysDianeMontague,assistantprofessorofpsychologyatLaSalleUniversityinPhiladelphia.Toputthatbelieftothetest,Montaguecameupwithatwistoneveryinfant'
sfavoritegame,andrecruiteddozensof4-month-oldstoplayalong.Shebeganbypeekingaroundaclothwithabigsmileonherface.Predictably,thebabiesweredelighted,andstaredatherintently-thetime-testedwaytotellifababyisinterested.Onthefourthpeek,though,Montagueemergedwithasadlookonherface.Thistime,theresponsewasmuchdifferent."
Theynotonlylookedaway,"
shesays,butwouldn'
tlookbackevenwhenshebegansmilingagain.Refusingtomakeeyecontactisaclassicbabysignofdistress.Anangryfacegottheirattentiononceagain,buttheirfacesshowednopleasure."
Theyseemedprimedtobealert,evenvigilant,"
Montaguesays."
Irealizethat'
sspeculativeinregardtoinfants...Ithinkitshowsthatbabiesyoungerthan6monthsfindmeaninginexpressions."
Theyarealsofarmoresophisticatedintellectuallythanweoncebelieved.Babies,asyoungas4months,haveadvancedpowersofdeductionandanabilitytounderstandtheintricatepatterns.Theyhaveasurprisinglyvisualpalette(燃料,调色板),whichenablesthemtonoticesmalldifferences,especiallyinfaces,thatadultsandolderchildrenlosetheabilitytosee.Untilababyis3monthsold,hecanrecognizeaphotographofhismotherjustasquicklyasaphotoinwhicheverythingisintherightplace.
ChallengesandDangersofBabyResearch
Thismightbeagoodplacetopauseforawordaboutthechallengesanddangersofbabyresearch.Sincethesubjectscan'
tspeakforthemselves,figuringoutwhat'
sgoingoninsidetheirheadsisoftenamatterofreadingtheirfacesandbodylanguage.Ifthisseemsspeculative,it'
snot.Overdecadesoftrialanderror,researchershavefine-tunedtheirobservationskillsandzeroedinonnumerousconsistentbabyresponsestovariousstimuli:
howlongtheystareatanobject,whattheyreachoutforandwhatmakesthemrecoilinfearordisgustcanoftentellexperiencedresearcherseverythingtheyneedtoknow.Morerecently,scientistshaveaddedEEGsandlasereyetracking,whichallowmoreprecisereadings.
1.
Thepassageismainlyaboutthoseresearchesthatfocusontheemotionalandintellectualabilitiesofthoseveryyoungbabies.
2.
ThepurposeoftheexperimentonVictoriaBatemanistofindouthowimportantthemother'
sloveistoherbaby.
3.
Intheexperiment,VictoriaBatemancriedbecauseshethoughtthathermotherdidn'
tloveheranymore.
4.
Onlythroughreadingemotionalresponsescandoctorstellwhethera3-monthbabywillgetpossiblepsychologicaldisorders.
5.
Pediatriciansarenowpayinglessattentiontophysicaldevelopmentoftheirbabypatientsbutmoreto_________________.
6.
Hoffman'
sstudyrevealedthatbabiesareborntoshowothercryingbabies_________________.
7.
ThefindingsofDiane'
stestdemonstratedthebaby'
sabilitytorecognize_________________.
8.
Itisamazingtofindthatthevisualpaletteofababyhelpshimtonotice_________________.
9.
Asforthechallenges,thoseresearchershavetoobtainthosefindingsaboutbabies'
mindbyreading_________________.
10.
Inordertogainmoreprecisereadings
aboutbabies'
mind,scientistshaveadoptedtheskillsofEEGsand_________________.
Passage2
ThePowerofPersonalAttitudes
Eachofusismadeupofvariousphysical,vital,andmentalparts.Thereisourphysicalbodyanditsorgans,muscles,etc;
thevitalbeingwithitssensations,emotionsandfeelings,andthementalpartwithitsthoughts,memories,reasoningpower,beliefs,etc.Somewherebetweenouremotionsandourthoughtprocessinglieourattitudes--ouremotionalperceptionsaboutlife,aboutothers,eventowardsourownselves.Attitudesgenerallyexpresspositivelyandnegatively.E.g.whenIhavegoodfeelingstowardsmyworkortowardsothers,theattitudeispositive.WhenIfeelreluctanttodocertainthingsthatarenecessary,orshowhostilitytowardscertainindividuals,thenmyattitudeisnegative.
AttitudesAboutOurselves,Others,Life
Thoughwehavemanyattitudesaboutallaspectsoflife,ifwelookalittlecloserwecanidentifythreebasictypes—thosethathavetodowithourselves,thosewehaveaboutothersandtheobjectsaroundus,andthosewehavetowardslifeitself.Anexampleofanegativeattitudeaboutourselvesishavinglowself-esteem,orlowself-confidence.Anexampleofawantingattitudesaboutothersisafeelingillwilltowardsanotherperson,orbeingmistrustfulofothers.Anexampleofanegativeattitudetowardslifeisbeingpessimisticthatthingswillneverturnoutwell.Thegoodnewshoweveristhatifwecha
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