国际商务英语 课件整理Word文件下载.docx
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国际商务英语 课件整理Word文件下载.docx
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ahealingmedicine,application,ortreatment.
2.somethingthatcorrectsorremovesanevilofanykind.
3.Law.
•Legalredress;
thelegalmeansofenforcingarightorredressingawrong.
Breach-Violationofduty,rightorlegalobligation.
Law~
•Law[4]isasystemofrules,usuallyenforcedthroughasetofinstitutions.[5]
•Itshapespolitics,economicsandsocietyinnumerouswaysandservesasaprimarysocialmediatorofrelationsbetweenpeople.
Contractlawregulateseverythingfrombuyingabustickettotradingonderivativesmarkets.
•Contractlawfocusesonwhatkindsofpromiseswillbeenforcedbyoursocietyandgovernmentandwhatkindofpromiseswillnotbebinding.
KindsofLaw
•CommonLaw
•CodeLaw
•CustomaryLaw
•MuslimLaw
•MixedLaw
commonlaw
n.
ThesystemoflawsoriginatedanddevelopedinEnglandandbasedoncourtdecisions,onthedoctrinesimplicitinthosedecisions,andoncustomsandusagesratherthanoncodifiedwrittenlaws.
Asystemoflawthatisderivedfromjudges'
decisions(whicharisefromthejudicialbranchofgovernment),ratherthanstatutesorconstitutions(whicharederivedfromthelegislativebranchofgovernment).
•Decision
•Ajudge'
swrittenconclusionthatisarrivedataftersomeperiodofconsideration.
CODELAW
•Statute
•Aformalwrittenenactmentofalegislativebody.
•(Black'
sLawDictionary)
JudicialBranchofGovernment
TheJudiciaryexplainsandappliesthelaws.
Thisbranchdoesthisbyhearingandeventuallymakingdecisionsonvariouslegalcases.
TheJudicialBranchisinchargeofthecourtsystem.
Therearethreedifferentkindsofcourtsfoundinthefederalcourtsystem.
DistrictCourt/LocalTrialCourt
AppellateCourt
•TheAppellateCourtshandlecaseswherethelosingpartybelievesthedecisionwaswrongorunfair.
AppellateCourt/CourtofAppeal
LegislativeBranchofGovernment
TheLegislativebranch,writeslawsonabill.
Civillaw
CivillawisalegalsysteminspiredbyRomanlaw,theprimaryfeatureofwhichisthatlawsarewrittenintoacollection,codified,andnotdetermined,asincommonlaw,byjudges.[1]
Theprincipleofcivillawistoprovideallcitizenswithanaccessibleandwrittencollectionofthelawswhichapplytothemandwhichjudgesmustfollow.
•Itisthemostprevalentandoldestsurvivinglegalsystemintheworld.
SUMMARY
COMMONLAW
•LAWbasedontraditionanddependinglessonwrittenstatutesandcodesthanonprecedentandcustom–usedintheUnitedStates.
CODE/CIVILLAW
LAWbasedcomprehensivesetofwrittenstatutes.
KeyPoints
1.WhatisaContract?
Aformalagreement,usuallyinwriting,thatisenforceableorbinding.
Itisapromiseorsetofpromisesforwhichthelawwillprovideremedyintheeventofbreach.
itistheresultofsomeagreementbetween2ormoreindividualsorgroups.
Theagreementcreatessomeobligationsamongthepartiesinvolved.
“freedomtocontract”
•Rightofanadulttomakealegallybindingmutualagreementwithoneormoreotherpersons,
withoutgovernmentalinterferenceastowhattypeofobligationsheorshecantakeuponhimselforherself.
•Mostpeoplehavetherightorabilitytoenterintocontracts
“freedomfromcontract”
sometimesthelawwillpreventtheenforcementofsomecontractsbecausetheymaybeunfairorunjust(called“freedomfromcontract”).
•Somecontractsaresimpleandcanbeformedveryeasily.
Somearemorecomplicatedandmayrequiremanydocumentsorpagesofawrittenagreement.
Noteverycontracthastobeinwriting,butitmaybewisetoputsomecontractsinwritingtoavoiddisputesastowhattheexacttermsofthecontractare.
ELEMENTSOFACONTRACT
1.Agreement
–Offer
–Acceptance
2.Considerations
3.Legalcapacity
4.Legalpurpose
1.AGREEMENT
Anagreementisestablishedbyanofferandanacceptance.
OFFER
A:
presentingofsomethingforacceptance<
consideringjoboffersfromseveralfirms>
<
anofferofmarriage>
B:
anundertakingtodoanactorgivesomethingonconditionthatthepartytowhomtheproposalismadedosomespecifiedactormakeareturnpromise
OFFERandACCEPTANCE
Asacontractisanagreement,anofferisanindicationbyoneperson(the"
offeror"
)toanother(the"
offeree"
)oftheofferor'
swillingnesstoenterintoacontractoncertaintermswithoutfurthernegotiations.
Acontractissaidtocomeintoexistencewhenacceptanceofanoffer(agreementtothetermsinit)hasbeencommunicatedtotheofferorbytheofferee.
PARTIESTOANOFFER
•Offeror–thepersonwhomakesanoffer
•Offeree–thepersontowhomtheofferismade
Requirementsofalegitimateoffer:
Seriousintentbytheofferortobeboundbytheoffer
Notlegitimate/validoffer
Thelawprovides:
Seriousintentwillbedecidedbyanobjectiveviewofthecircumstances
•objectiveviewofthecircumstances–basedonfacts
•subjectiveviewofthecircumstances–basedonopinions
2.Reasonablycertainordefiniteterms
Definite
precise;
explicitandclearlydefined;
knownforcertain
•predictablewithgreatconfidence
3.Communicationoftheofferbytheofferortotheofferee
WhatisNOTanOFFER?
Expressionofanopinion
Aninvitationtosubmitabid
Advertisement
COUNTER-OFFER
•<
n>
.anoffermadeinresponsetoapreviousofferbytheotherpartyduringnegotiationsforafinalcontract.
•Makingacounterofferautomaticallyrejectstheprioroffer
•Requiresanacceptanceunderthetermsofthecounterofferorthereisnocontract.
•Example:
SusanSellerofferstosellherhousefor$150,000,tobepaidin60days;
BruceBuyerreceivestheofferandgivesSelleracounterofferof$140,000,payablein45days.
•Theoriginalofferisdead,despitetheshortertimeforpaymentsincethepriceislower.
•Sellerthencanchoosetoacceptat$140,000,counteragainatsomecompromiseprice,rejectthecounteroffer,orletitexpire.
ACCEPTANCE
•Acceptanceisthevoluntaryactbytheoffereethatshowsconsenttothetermsoftheoffer.
UnilateralContract
vs.
BilateralContract
UNILATERALCONTRACT
•Definition1
•Contractarisingwhereoneparty(thepromisor)makesanoffertopayanotherparty(thepromisee)inreturnfortheperformanceofanact,andthepromiseegiveshisorherassentbyperformingthesaidact.
•Arewardofferedforprovidingcertaininformationisanexampleofaunilateralcontract.
•Definition2
•Typeofcontractinwhichonlyoneofthecontractingpartiesisunderanenforceableobligation.
Forexample,underaninsurancecontract,onlytheinsurermakesapromise(tomakealossgoodorpaycompensation)whereastheinsureddoesnotmakeanypromiseand,tokeephispartofthedeal,onlypaysapremium.
Ø
Inaunilateralcontract,onlyonepartytothecontractmakesapromise.
Abilateralcontract,isanagreementinwhicheachofthepartiestothecontractmakesapromiseorpromisestotheotherparty.
Forexample,inacontractforthesaleofahome,thebuyerpromisestopaytheseller$200,000inexchangefortheseller'
spromisetodelivertitletotheproperty.
Inaunilateralcontract,onlyonepartytothecontractmakesapromise.
BILATERALCONTRACT
Reciprocalarrangementbetweentwopartiesunderwhichbothpartiespromisetoperformanactinexchangefortheotherparty'
sact.
Acceptancemustbeunequivocal
•Itmustmatchthetermsoftheoffer.
Acceptancemustbethroughtheexclusivemeansofcommunicationauthorizedbytheofferor.
Acceptancemustbetimelyinordertobeeffectiveorvalid.
2.CONSIDERATIONS
Considerationisthelegalconceptofvalueinconnectionwithcontracts.
Itisanythingofvalueinthecommonsense,promisedtoanotherwhenmakingacontract.
•Itcantaketheformofmoney,physicalobjects,services,promisedactions,orevenabstinencefromafutureaction.
Ifeitherpromiseealreadyhadalegalobligationtorendersuchpayment,itcannotbeseenasconsiderationinthelegalsense.
•Incommonlawconsiderationitisaprerequisitethatbothpartiesoffersomeconsiderationbeforeacontractcanbethoughtofasbinding.
3.LEGALCAPACITY
•Sometimesthecapacityofeithernaturalorartificialpersonstoeitherenforcecontracts,orhavecontractsenforcedagainstthemisrestricted.
Errantemployeesordirectorsmaybepreventedfromcontractingfortheircompany,becausetheyhaveactedultravires(beyondtheirpower).
LEGALCAPACITY
Verysmallchildrenmaynotbeheldtobargainstheyhavemade,ontheassumptionthattheylackthematuritytounderstandwhattheyaredoing;
NOLEGALCAPACITY(minor)
•Anotherexamplemightbepeoplewhoarementallyincapacitated,eitherbydisabilityordrunkenness
NOLEGALCAPACITY(insane)
NOLEGALCAPACITY(drunk)
NOLEGALCAPACITY(drugaddict)
Whenthelawlimitsorbarsapersonfromengaginginspecifiedactivities,anyagreementsorcontractstodosoareeithervoidableorvoidforincapacity.
Thelawoncapacitycanserveeitheraprotectivefunctionorcanbeawayofrestrainingpeoplewhoactasagentsforothers.
4.LEGALPURPOSE
•Foracontracttobeenforceableunder
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