苔丝悲剧原因分析Word文件下载.docx
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苔丝悲剧原因分析Word文件下载.docx
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ThomasHardy;
tragedy;
thecauses
摘要
德伯家的苔丝是哈代的巨著之一,1891年出版的一部悲剧。
这部悲剧围绕着出生在贫苦农民家庭的少女苔丝展开。
一切万物皆有因果,苔丝的悲剧也不例外。
苔丝的悲剧结局并不是意外,有各个方面的原因所在。
在这里,我将从以下三个方面,即:
哈代的宿命论,社会因素,和苔丝的性格来分析苔丝悲剧命运的原因。
关键字:
德伯家的苔丝,哈代,悲剧,原因
TableofContents
Acknowledgements……i
Abstractii
摘要iii
TableofContentsiv
Introduction1
ChapterOneHardy'
sFatalismintheTragedyofTess3
1.1TheDevelopmentofHardy'
sFatalism3
1.2Hardy'
sPessimiticFatalisminTess'
Tragedy3
ChapterTwoTheSocialFactorsinTess'
Tragedy5
2.1TheSocialEnvironmentandtheDevelopmentofCapiatalism5
2.2Tess'
PoorFamilyandHerParents'
StupidRequirementsofTess5
2.3TheSocialMoralityanditsInfluencesonTess7
2.3.1TheHypocriticalSocialMorality7
2.3.2TheInfluenceofMoralismonTess8
2.4Male'
sDominationofFemale9
ChapterThreeTess'
PersonalityinHerTragedy11
3.1Tess'
Rebellion11
3.2Tess'
WeakPointinCharacter13
Conclusion14
WorksCited15
Introduction
1AbriefintroductiontoHardy
1.1Hardyandhislifeenvironment
ThomasHardywasafamousBritishnovelistandpoetinthenineteenthcentury.HecarriedforwardanddevelopedtheliterarytraditionsoftheVictorianAge.Hedescribedthetragicplotsvividlyandtruthfullyinhisworks.Hewasconsideredas“ShakespeareofBritishnovels”.Hardywasborninanamason’sfamilyinDrossier,southwestofEngland,theareathatlaterbecamethefamous“Wessex”inmanyofhisnovels.Hewasexpectedtobecomeanarchitectbyhisparents,andthenhewastrainedasanarchitectandworkedinLondonandDorsetfortenyears.Hardybeganhiswritingcareerasanovelistin1871publishingDesperateRemedies(《计出无奈》).Hewassoonsuccessfulandleftarchitectureforwriting.Hebecameagreatcriticalrealistinthenineteenthcentury—theVictorianAge,duringwhichgreatchangeshadhappenedinthehistoryofwesterncivilization.Asiswellknown,agreatsocialreformationtookplaceinBritain.Thevarioussocialfactorsincludingreligion,politics,science,influencedpeopleandtriedtotransformtheirmentality.Capitalismwashighlydevelopedandstretchedtothevastcountryside,andtheBritishpeoplewerestrugglingforabrightfuturebravelyanddifficultly.ItwasduringthisspecialperiodthatThomasHardyinheritedanddevelopedtheVictorianliterature,producingalotofgreatnovels,especiallyTessoftheD’Urbervilles.Inthesenovels,heexposedthehypocriticalmorals,lawsandpeople’smiserablelife,especiallythewomen’slifeinsocialeconomic,politics,morals,custom,etc.aftertheinvasionofindustrialcapitalismtotheBritishvillages.
sphilosophicalidea—fatalismandhisnovels
InHardylife,hehaswrittenmanynovels.HismajorworksareTheReturnoftheNative(1878),TheMayorofCasterBridge(1886),TessoftheD'
Urbervilles(1891),andJudetheObscure(1896),thelattertwoconsideredmasterpieces.Hardy'
snovelsareallsetagainstthetoughandfrightfulDorsetlandscape(knownasWessexinthenovels).ThetragedyinhisnovelswascertainlyarrangedbyGod'
swill.Nomatterhowhardpeopleworkedandresisted,theycouldn’tgetridofthedomination.Thecharactersofhisnovels,forthemajorpartofthepoorerruralclasses,aresympatheticallyandoftenhumorouslyportrayed.TheirliveswererulednotonlybynaturebutalsobyrigidVictoriansocialconventions.Hardy'
sstyleisalwayspessimisticandtragic.Hisideahadbeenvividlyexpressedinhisnovels.Everythinginhisstoryleadstooneinevitabletragicending.One’spersonalitydeterminesone’sfate,asisthought,thustheheroesandheroinesinHardy’snovelsaremostlyruralmenandwomenwhosecharacterswereprovincial,tintedwiththetraitsofruralpeople—passionatelikefire,naive,innocentandnarrow-minded—whichononehandmakethemsolovelyandworthsympathy,butcontributetotheirtragedyontheotherhand.
2Antntroductiontothenovel-TessoftheD’Urbervilles
Asiswellknown,TessoftheD'
UrbervillesisthemostfamousnovelofThomasHardy.FocusingonthetragicexperienceofitsheroineTess,apeasantgirl,whowasborninapoorfarmer’sfamily.Shehadlivedapoorbutpeacefullife.However,God,begantoplayacrueljokeonthisinnocentgirlwhenherfather,JohnD'
UrbervilleslearnedthattheyweredescendedfromtheD’Urbervilles,anancientfamilyoncerenownedinEngland.Tess’sparentswereinanecstasyofdelightoverthenews.HermotherurgedTesstoclaimkinshipwiththeremainingD’Urbervilles,sothatTesscouldmarryagentleman,andthentheywillgetridofthepoorlife.Shewasveryunwilling,butwhenshethoughtofthedeathoftheirhorse,theonlymeanstomaketheirliving,shecametotheD’Urbervilles.ThereshemetAlecD’Urbervilles,whowasattrackedbyTess’sbeautifulappearenceandalwaystriedtoseduceher.Havingreceivedajoboftendingtochickens,TessstayedintheD’Urbervilles.Hertragiclifehadjustbegun.
SoonTesswasrapedandlostherchastity.Shereturnedhomeandtoldhermotherofherterribleexperiences,hopingtogetconsolationfromhermother,butwhathermotheronlyworriedaboutwaswhetherAlecwouldmarryTessornot.Alecutilizedthefactofherpoorfamilyandwantedtohelpher.Thebravegirlrefusedandwenttoworkinthefield,butworsestill,Alectfollowedherfromplacetoplaceinordertopossessheragain.Atlast,TessmanagedtogetridofAlectogivebirthtoherbaby.Thebabydidnotlivelong,however,andafteritsdeath,Tesswenttoadairyfarmasadairymaid.ItwasherethatTessmetAngel,sonofaclergyman,andfellinlovewithhim.Hethoughtofherasabeautifulandinnocentyounggirl.Butherinnocencecausedhertofeelthatshewaswicked,sosherejectedAngelClare'
slove.Sherefusedhisloveandurgedhimtoturntooneoftheothergirlseventhoughshesufferedmuchfromagreatgrief.ButAngel,actingagainstthewishesofhisparents,insistedonmarryingwithher.Finally,theygotmarried.ItseemsTesswouldbehappyfromnowon.Ontheirweddingnight,theytoldeachotherabouttheirpasthopingtobeforgivenbyeachother.TessforgaveAngel'
spast,andthenshetoldabouthernightmarewithAlec,thinkingthathewouldforgiveherasshehad.ButincontrastAngeldesertedherandleftforBrazil.Inordertokeepherselfandherfamilyalive,Tesshadtobecamealaborinthefieldagain.What’sworse,herfatherdied.WiththebadconditionofherfamilyandnohopetoobtainAngel'
sreturn,thepoorgirlwenttoAlecagain,seekinghelpfromAlec,whoisapreachernow,andlivedwithhimashismistress.Unexpectedly,AngelreturnedfromBrazilandrepentedofhiscrueltreatmentofTess.ButTess'
srelationshipwithAlecstoppedherfromlivingwithAngelhappily.ShehatedAlecandbelievedallhertragedywascausedbyAlec.Shekilledhim.AfterashorthappylifewithAngel,Tesswasarrestedbythepoliceandhanged.
ChapterOne
Hardy’sfatalisminthetragedyofTess.
1.1ThedevelopmentofHardy'
sfatalism.
Fatalismis"
thatviewoflifewhichsaysallactionsiscontrolledbythenatureofthingorbyfatewhichisagreatimpersonal,primitiveforceexistingthroughalleternityabsolutelyindependentofhumanwillandsuperiortoanygoodcreatedbyman."
(Force,Lorrain.M.1996).Hardy'
spessimisticfatalismdevelopedinhissurroundingenvironment.HelivedintimesofafreedomofcapitalismtoimperialismbytheUnitedKingdomafteraperiodofaprosperouseconomy,butalsodeepenedtheplightofpoorpeopleatlowerlevels,especiallyinthenineteenthcentury.HardywasbornandbredinruralEnglandwhichwasfullofthefatalideabywhichhisnovelsweredeeplyimpacted.Thushewitnessedtheinvasionofcapitalistfarmersinruralareasledtobankruptcy,hedepictedinhisworksthatthecapitalismhadbroughtdisastertoruralfarmers,andsympathytotheplightofthefarmers,butduetoHardy'
ssociallimitationsoftheera,eventhoughhewouldliketofindawayouttosolvetheseproblems,therewasnorightwaytofreepoorpeopleoftheirmiseryandtoembraceabrightfuture,heultimatelyfailed,whichledhimtobeapessimist.Infact,Hardydidnotunderstandtherootcausesofthisdeclineandrulesofsocialdevelopment.Therefore,heattributedthepeasants'
tragedytoblindchanceormysteriousfate.ThiskindoffatalismisrevealedinHardy'
smanyworksespeciallyinTessoftheD'
Urbervilles.Hardygavetotheinterpretationofthestoryinaccordancewithhispessimistanddeterministviewoftheworld.(Inasense,TessisthevictimofHardy'
sfatalism,andhertragedyisthetragedyofthetimewhenHardylives.
spessimisticfatalisminTess'
tragedy.
Tess'
smiserablelifeislinkedwithHardy'
sfatalism.Hardytriedtoexplainthemisfortuneofhischaractersintheperspectiveofthesuperiorpower.Inhisnovels,thecharacters'
misfortunatefateisinevitable,andevenhardtoresist.InTessoftheD’Urbervilles,Hardythoughtthatitwasthegod’swillthatmadeTess’tragedy,includingherupsanddownsoflife,herpainfulloveandhertragicdeath.Hedemonstratedhisdeepsenseofmoralsympathyforthepure,
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