大学英语专业词汇学第六章Word格式文档下载.docx
- 文档编号:20535077
- 上传时间:2023-01-23
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:34
- 大小:75.35KB
大学英语专业词汇学第六章Word格式文档下载.docx
《大学英语专业词汇学第六章Word格式文档下载.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《大学英语专业词汇学第六章Word格式文档下载.docx(34页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
Fromthediachronicpointofview,polysemyisassumedtobetheresultofgrowthanddevelopmentofthesemanticstructureofoneandsameword.Atthetimewhenthewordwascreated,itwasendowedwith(被赋予)onlyonemeaning.Thisfirstmeaningistheprimarymeaning(原始意义).Withtheadvanceoftimeandthedevelopmentoflanguage,moreandmoremeaningswereattributedtoit.Theselatermeaningsarecalledderivedmeanings(派生意义)astheyareallderivedfromtheprimarymeaning.Takethewordfaceforexample(basedonWNWD):
(1)thefrontofthehead
(2)theexpressionofthecountenance(表情)
(3)asurfaceofathing
(4)thesideorsurfacethatismarked,asofaclock,playingcard,domino(多米诺骨牌),etc.
(5)theappearance;
outwardaspect;
resemblance(相似)
(6)(CHidiom)dignity;
self-respect;
prestige(威信),asinlose/saveface
(7)thetopography(地形,地势)(ofanarea)
(8)thefunctionalandstrikingsurface(ofatool,golfclub,etc.)
(9)(Colloq)effrontery(厚颜无耻;
傲慢无礼);
audacity(放肆;
胆大妄为)
(10)whatisshownbythelanguageofadocument,withoutexplanationandaddition
(11)(Mining)theendofatunnel,drift(水平巷道,平巷),etc.whereworkisbeingdone
(12)(Typography印刷术)thetypesurfaceonwhichaletteriscut铅字字模面
Ofthetwelvemeaningsspelledout(详细地说明)above,
(1)istheprimarymeaning,i.e.thebasicmeaningofthewordface.Alltherestarederivedlateronfromtheprimarymeaning.Atthefirstsight,onemaygettheimpressionthatsomeofthederivedmeaningshavelittletodowiththefirstmeaning.Acloserlookwillrevealvariousrelationsbetweenthefirstmeaningandeachoftherest,i.e.thesensescouldbeobtainedbyextension,narrowing,analogy(类推),transfer(转移),etc..Infact,thederivedmeaningsallcomefromtheprimaryone.
Therearealsomanyinstancesinwhichtheprimarymeaninggavebirthtonewmeanings,andasaresulttheprimarymeaningpersebecameeitherobsolete(废弃)ordisappearedaltogether.Forexample,thebasicsenseofthewordharvestwas'
timeofcutting'
;
nowthewordisusedinthesenseof'
reapingandgatheringthecrops'
or'
aseason'
syieldofgrainorfruit,etc.'
.Theprimarymeaningisnolongerincommonuse.Anothergoodexampleispain,whoseoriginalmeaningwas'
penalty(刑罚)orpunishment'
nowpreservedonlyinsuchphrasesaspainsandpenalty(惩罚)andupon/underpainof(违者以…论处),thederivedmeanings'
suffering'
'
greatdiscomfortofthebodyormind'
havebecomeprevalent(流行的;
普遍的).Examplesofsuchcanmultiplyinnumbers.
2)SynchronicApproach
Synchronically,polysemyisviewedasthecoexistenceofvariousmeaningsofthesamewordinahistoricalperiodoftime,say,ModernEnglish.Alongthisline,thebasicmeaningofawordisconsideredtobethecoreofwordmeaning,calledthecentralmeaning.Thederivedmeanings,nomatterhownumerous,aresecondaryincomparison.Therefore,forthewordface,
(1)isthecentralmeaningandalltherestareminorones.Thisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthesecondarymeaningsaresecondaryinimportance,thoughitistrueinmanycases.Therearecaseswherethecentralmeaninghasgraduallydiminishedincurrencywiththechangesthathavetakenplaceincultureandsociety,andoneofthederivedmeaningshasbecomedominant(占主导地位的).Thiscanbeexemplifiedbythewordgay.Thewordusedtomean
(1)joyousandlively,merry,happy;
(2)bright,brilliant;
(3)giventosociallifeandpleasure;
(4)wanton(放荡的),licentious(淫荡的);
(5)homosexual(WNWD).Theorderofthesensesshowsthedevelopment,thefirstmeaningbeingthebasicandprimaryandthelastthelatest.Butinusageandcurrency,theoppositeistrue.InbothCCELDandLDCE(secondedition),sense(5)isarrangedasNo.1becauseitisratedasthemostfrequentlyusedmeaning.
2.TwoProcessesofDevelopment
Thedevelopmentofwordmeaningfrommonosemytopolysemyfollowstwocourseswhicharecalledradiation(辐射型模式)andconcatenation(连锁型模式).
1)Radiation
Radiationisasemanticprocessinwhichtheprimarymeaningstandsatthecenterandthesecondarymeaningsproceedoutofitineverydirectionlikerays.Allthemeaningsareindependentofoneanother,butcanallbetracedbacktothecentralmeaning.Ifwegiveagraphic(简图的)descriptionofthemeaningsofface,itwouldlookverymuchlikeawheelofabicycle.
Thewordneckoffersanothergoodexampleofradiation.Theprimarymeaningis
(1)thatpartofmanoranimaljoiningtheheadtothebody;
fromthisarederived
(2)thatpartofthegarment(衣服);
(3)theneckofananimalusedasfood,e.g.neckoflamb;
(4)anarrowpartbetweentheheadandbodyorbaseofanyobject,e.g.theneckofaviolin;
(5)thenarrowestpartofanything:
bottle,land,straitorchannel.Thoughthereferentofeachofthefivemaynotbethesame,yettheyareallrelatedtothecentralmeaning.Meaning
(2)isaninstanceofmeaningtransfer,(3)aninstanceofspecialization(具体化),and(4)and(5)areinstancesofextension(扩展).
2)Concatenation[英][kɔnˌkæ
tɪˈneɪʃɵn
Concatenation,literallymeaning'
linkingtogether'
isthesemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsignificationbysuccessiveshiftsofmeaningsuntil,inmanycases,thereisnotashadowofconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandthatwhichthetermhadinitattheoutset(Rayevskaya1957).Concatenationinvolvesshiftsofmeaning.Themeaningreachedbythefirstshiftmaybeshiftedasecondtime,andsoonuntilintheendtheoriginalmeaningistotallylost.Thewordtreacleisanillustrativeexample(WNWD):
(1)wildbeast
(2)remedyforbitesofvenomous(有毒的;
分泌毒液的)beasts
(3)antidote(解毒剂)forpoisonorremedyforpoison
(4)anyeffectiveremedy
(5)(BrE)molasses(糖浆)
Unlikeradiationwhereeachofthederivedmeaningsisdirectlyconnectedtotheprimarymeaning,concatenationdescribesaprocesswhereeachofthelatermeaningisrelatedonlytotheprecedingonelikechains.Thoughthelatestsensecanbetracedbacktotheoriginal,thereisnodirectconnectioninbetween.Nowforthewordtreacle,senses
(1)and
(2)areentirelylost;
(3)and(4)areobsolete(废弃不用的),andonly(5)remainsincurrency.Withoutaknowledgeofetymology(词源学)oftheword,noonecanmakeanyconnectionbetweensense
(1)andsense(5).Thesamecanbesaidofcandidate:
(1)white-robed
(2)officeseekerinwhitegowns(袍子)
(3)apersonwhoseeksanoffice
(4)apersonproposedforaplace,award,etc.(ibid)
Radiationandconcatenationarecloselyrelated,beingdifferentstagesofthedevelopmentleadingtopolysemy.Generally,radiationprecedesconcatenation.Inmanycases,thetwoprocessesworktogetherascomplementarytoeachother.
6.2Homonymy
Homonymsaregenerallydefinedaswordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling.
1.TypesofHomonyms
Basedonthedegreeofsimilarity,homonymsfallintothreetypes:
perfecthomonyms(完全同形同音异义词),homographs(同形异义词)andhomophones(同音异义词).
1)Perfecthomonymsalsoknownasabsolutehomonyms(绝对同形异义词)arewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,e.g.
bankn.theedgeoftheriver,lake,etc.
bankn.anestablishmentformoneybusiness
bearn.alargeheavyanimal
bearv.toputupwith
daten.akindoffruit
daten.aboyorgirlfriend
2)Homographsarewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning,e.g.
bow/bau/nbendingtheheadasagreeting
bow/bou/nthedeviceusedforshootingarrows
sow/sou/vtoscatterseeds
sow/sau/nfemaleadultpig
3)Homophonesarewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning,e.g.
son/sAn/namalechildofaparent
sun/SAn/ntheheavenlybodyfromwhichtheearthgetswarmthandlight
dear/dio/nalovedperson
deer/dio/nakindofanimal
right/rait/acorrect
'
write/rait/vtoputdownonpaperwithapen
rite/rait/naceremonialprocedure
Ofthethreetypes,homophonesconstitutethelargestnumberandaremostcomm
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 大学 英语专业 词汇学 第六