英语语言学题目Word下载.docx
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英语语言学题目Word下载.docx
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2.ClassificationofEnglishspeechsound.
3.Distinctionofphone,phonemeandallophone.
4.phonemiccontrast,complementarydistributionandminimalpair.
5.somerulesinphonology.
6.suprasegmentalfeatures.
Chapter3:
Morphology
1.openclassandclosedclass.
2.suffixesandprefixes.
3.boundmorphemeandfreemorpheme.
4.derivationandinflection.
5.compoundwords.
Chapter4:
Syntax
1.categories.
2.Howtodefineaword’scategory?
3.Phrasecategories.
4.Fourpropertiesofcoordinationrule.
5.Whatarephraseelements.
6.WhatisSrule?
7.Transformation.
8.deepstructureandsurfacestructure.
9.constraintsontransformation.
10.Masterthewaytodrawatreediagramonceasentenceisgiven.
Chapter5:
Semantics
1.someviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning.
2.senseandreference.
3.majorsenserelations.
4.senserelationsbetweensentences.
5.analysisofmeaning.
Chapter6:
Pragmatics
1.pragmaticsandsemantics.
2.sentencemeaningandutterancemeaning.
3.TalkaboutSpeechActTheory.
4.constativesandperformatives.
5.WhatisAustin’sopinionaboutSpeechActTheory.
6.HowdidSealeclassifyillocutionaryactintofivecategories?
7.Whatiscooperativeprinciple?
Chapter7:
LanguageChange
1.Morphologicalandsyntacticchangeoflanguage.
2.vocabularychange.
3.somerecenttrendsoflanguagechange.
4.causesoflanguagechange.
Chapter8:
LanguageAndSociety
1.therelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.
2.twoapproachestosociolinguisticstudies.
3.dialectalvarieties.
4.WhatcharacteristicsdoesBlackEnglishpossess?
5.Whatisregidtertheory?
6.Degreeofformality.
7.WhatisstandardEnglish?
8.PidginandCreole.
9.bilingualismanddiglossia.
Chapter9:
LanguageAndCulture
1.therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture.
2.talkaboutSapir-WhorfHypothesis.
3.Listlinguisticevidenceofculturaldifferences.
4.culturaloverlapanddiffusion.
5.linguisticimperialismandlinguisticnationalism.
Chapter10:
LanguageAcquisition
1.Theoriesodchildlanguageacquisition.
2.cognitivefactorsinchildlanguagedevelopment.
3.languageenvironmentandCriticalPeriodHypothesis.
4.stagesinchildlanguagedevelopment.
5.Talkaboutvocabularychangeinchildlanguageacquisition.
Chapter11:
SecondLanguageAcquisition
1.connectionbetweenFirstlanguageacquisitionandSecondlanguageacquisition.
2.contrastiveanalysis.
3.positivetransferandnegativetransfer.
4.Erroranalysis.
5.errorandmistake.
6.interlanguageandfossilization.
7.theroleofnativelanguageinSecondlanguageacquisition.
8.InputHypothesis.
9.learningandacquisition.
10.inputandintake.
11.individualdifferenceinSLA.
Chapter12:
LanguageAndBrain
1.Whatmethodsinthestudyofthebrainandevidencesforlateralizationcanweuse?
2.WhatcharacteristicsdoesBroca’saphasiahave?
3.What’sdistinctionsdoBroca’saphasiaandWernicke’saphasiahave?
4.phonologicaldyslexiaandsurfacedyslexia?
5.Whatresearchmethodscanbeusedtoseethelanguagerepresentationandprocessinginthemind?
6.distinctionbetweenlexicaldecisionandtheprimingexperiement.
7.Twowaystoprocesstheinformationinthemind?
8.Talkaboutpsycholinguisticmodeling.
南师大英语语言学卷子的题型,一直都保持着同样的类型。
所以复习时,我们就可以根据这些规律,按照题型进行“应试”复习。
这里附上我自己做问答题时的答案。
不过,这只是一些我个人的见解。
仅供参考!
如果能够对大家有所帮助,就是我的快乐哦。
1.Explainwithexamplesthethreenotionsofphone,phonemeandallophone,andalsohowtheyarerelated.
(1)Aphoneisaspeechsound,itisphoneticunit.Anysoundwehearinthecourseofcommunicationsaphone,suchas/u:
/,/l/,/p/,/p’/.
(2)Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit.Itisnotaconcretesoundbutanabstractnotion.Itisacollectionoffeatures.Itcanberealizedasdifferentphonesindifferentphoneticcontexts.Foeexample,thephoneme/l/canberealizedasaclear[l]oradark[l],dependingonwhereitoccursinasoundcombination.
(3)Theactuallyphoneticrealizationsofaphonemearecalleditsallophones.Allophonesaretheactualphoneswehearinlinguisticcommunication.
2.Explainwhatissenseandwhatisreferencewithexamples.(07初试考过)
(1)Sensereferstotheinherentmeaningofalinguisticform,whichisacollectionofsemanticmeanings,itisabstractanddecontextualizedwhilereferenceiswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld.Itisamatteroftherelationshipbetweentheformandthereality.Foeexample,thesenseoftheword“dog”isoftendefinedas“adomesticated,caninemammal”.Thisdoesnotrefertoanyparticulardogthatexistsintherealworld,butappliestoanyanimalthatmeetsthefeaturesdescribedinthedefinition.
(2)Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealphysicalworld,whichdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.Thereferenceoftheword“dog”in“Thedogisbarking”forexamplereferstoaparticulardogknowntoboththespeakerandthehearerinaparticularsituationwhereaconversationistakingplace.
3.Explainhowtheinventoryofsoundscanchange,givingsomeexamplesinEnglishforillustration.
Theinventoryofsoundscanchange,andsoundchangesincludechangesinvowelsounds,soundloss,soundaddition,andsoundmovement.
(1)Vowelsoundchange:
Englishhadundergonethesystematicandregularchangesinthevowelsounds,knownastheGreatVowelshiftwhichoccurredattheendoftheMiddleEnglishperiodandwhichinvolvedsevenlong,ortensevowels.Thesechangesledtooneofthemajordiscrepanciesbetweenthephonemicrepresentationsofwordsandmorphones,i.e.betweenpronunciationandthespellingsystemofmodernEnglish,e.g.five-à
/fi:
v/(middleEnglish)--->
/faiv/(modernEnglish).
(2)Soundloss:
Soundscanchangebythelossofphonemes.InthehistoryofEnglishthevelarfricative/x/waslost.ThissoundexistedinOldEnglishso“night”waspronouncedas/nixt/,butinModernEnglish,itpronouncedas/nait/.
(3)Soundaddition:
Soundadditionincludesthegainorinsertionofasound.Forexample,thewordleisurewasborrowedfromFrench,sothephoneme/З/wasaddedtotheinventoryofEnglishsounds.Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownasepenthesis,e.g.spinle--à
spindle.
(4)Soundmovement:
Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementknownasmetathesisinvolvesareversalinpositionoftwoadjoiningsoundsegments.Metathesisislesscommon,butitdoesexist.InsomedialectsorEnglish,forexample,theword“ask”ispronouncedas/aks/.“Bridd”ischangedtotheformof“bird”.
4.Brieflydiscusstheindividualfactorswhichaffecttheacquisitionofasecondlanguage.(06初试考过)
Theacquisitionofasecondlanguageisdependentonacombinationoffactors.TherateandultimatesuccessinSLAareaffectednotonlybylearner’sexperiencewithoptionalinputandinstruction,butalsobyindividuallearnerfactors.ThelearnerfactorsthathavecapturedtheattentionofSLAresearchersincludelanguageaptitudes,motivations,learningstrategies,age,andpersonalityetc.
(1)Languageaptitudereferstoanaturalabilityforlearningasecondlanguage.Itisbelievedtoberelatedtoalearner’sgeneralintelligence.Ithadbeenacceptedthatlearnerswhoachievehighscoresinlanguageaptitudetestslearnrapidlyandachievehighproficiencyinsecondlanguagelearning.
(2)Motivationisdefinedasthelearner’sattitudesandaffectivestateorlearningdrive.Fourtypesofmotivations,namely,instrumentalmotivation,integrativemotivation,resultativemotivationandintrinsicmotivation,promotelearningandtheyarecomplementarytoeachother.Aslearners’strongmotivationpromotestheirlearning,theirlearningprogressorachievementwillinreturnenhancetheirlanguagelearningmotivationfurther.
(3)Learningstrategiesarelearners’consciousgoal-orientedandproblem-solvingbasedeffortstoachievelearningefficiency.Threelearningstrategiesareidentified,namely,cognitivestrategies,metacognitivestrategiesandaffect/socialstrategies.Successfullearnerstendtousemorestrategiesandusethemmoreselectivelyandflexibly.
(4)AgeofacquisitionforSLAdoesn’tmean“theyoungerthebetter”,butithasbeendemonstratedthatadolescentsarequickerandmoreeffectiveSecondlanguagelearnersthanyoungchildren.Theearlyteenagersaregoodlearnersbecausetheirflexibilityofthelanguageacquisitionfacultyhasnotbeencompletelylostandtheircognitiveskillshavedevelopedconsiderablytofacilitatetheprocessingoflinguisticfeaturesofanewlanguage.
(5)Personalitycharacteristicsarelikelytoaffectsecondlanguagelearning.Thegeneraloutgoingadultlearnerslearnmorequicklyandthereforearemoresuccessfulthanthegenerallyreservedones.
5.Pleaseexplaintherouteoffirstlanguageacquisition.
Languageisacquiredinsequenceofidentifiablestagesduringaveryspecificmaturationalperiodofhumandevelopmentwitheachsuccessivestagemorecloselyapproximatingtheadultgrammar.Childrenfollowthesimilardevelopmentstages,thatis,theprelinguisticstageandthelinguisticstages.Thelinguisticstagesincludetheone-wordstage,thetwo-wordst
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