外文论文正文On the Humanism in Robinson CrusoeWord格式文档下载.docx
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RobinsonCrusoeisthefirstandalsothemostfamousnovelofDanielDefoe.WithDefoe’swonderfulimagination,hehadpresentedtousan18thcenturyEnglishadventurer—herowithstrongwillandintelligence.Itbecameanimmediatesuccessonitspublicationandhasremainedenduringpopularityeversince.
MostpeoplewereattractedbythevividdescriptionofRobinsonCrusoe’sexcitingadventure,especiallyhislivingontheisland.ButDefoedidnotjusttakeitasanadventurestory.RobinsonCrusoewastheembodimentoftherisingbourgeoisieofthetime.Thenovelwas,infact,apaeanofhumanpowerandtheacknowledgmentoftheimportanceofknowledge,whichreflectedtheideasofhumanism.
HumanismwasoriginatedinItalyandspreadtoEnglandinthe16thcentury,whichhadagreatinfluenceonEnglishliterature.Humanistsregardedhumanvaluesasmakingsenseonlyinthecontextofhumanliferatherthaninthepromiseofasupposedlifeafterdeath.Hence,humanistsmadeastrongobjectiontotheobsoletedoctrineoftheMiddleAges.Humanismwasalsoaphilosophyofreasonandscienceinpursuitofknowledgeoftheworld.Humanistsrejectedarbitraryfaith,authorityandalteredstatesofconsciousness.
WhenhumanismarrivedinEngland,itarousedgreatinterestsofthewritersofthetime.Chaucerwasoneoftheearliestwriterswhoexpressedtheideasofhumanisminhisworks.
Inthe16thcentury,therewasagrowinginterestinmanandintheirinfinitecapabilitiesagainstimplicitfaithinGod.InEngland,wehadnamesofThomasMoreandMarloweandShakespeare.
Theseprogressivewriters,sometimesknownashumanists,attheirbestvoicedthehumanaspirationsforfreedomandequality.Thesehumanistschieflystoodfortheprogressivethoughtoftherisingbourgeoisietogetherwiththeirinevitablebourgeoisielimitations.
Inthe18thcenturyEnglandexperiencedgreatchanges.In1688theso-called“gloriousrevolution”overthrewthereactionaryruleofthefeudalmonarchandestablishedthe“constitutionalmonarchy”,inwhichtherealauthoritywasinthehandsofparliamentandofthecabinetresponsibletoparliament.Henceforthcapitalismmadeagreatdevelopmentandconfirmedhisstatusinsociallifegradually.
AllofthesechangeshadgreateffectsonEnglishliterature.Inthe18thcentury,themainachievementofEnglishliteraturewastheriseanddevelopmentoftherealisticnovel.Quitedifferentfromtheliteratureworksbefore,thenovelspaidmuchmoreattentiontothecommonpeopleindailylives.
Amongthenovelistsofthisperiod,Defoewasatypicalrepresentative.Beforehebeganhiswritingcareerasanovelist,hehadledaverysuccessfulcareerasabusinessrunner.Hehadtraveledsomanycountriesandacceptedtheirnewideas.LikeRobinsonCrusoe,hewouldnotliketostayathomeandleadanunchangeablelife.ThroughhisRobinsonCrusoe,Defoeexpressedtheprogressiveideasofthetime.
RobinsonCrusoe’sexperiencesshowedhumanspiritatthetime.Crusoecamefromamiddleclassfamily,whichcouldhelphimleadamuchmorecomfortablelife,butherefusedtoaccepttheassignmentofhisfather.RobinsonCrusoe’sfatherrepresentedtheolddoctrineandobsoletereligions,whileRobinsonwasthenewgenerationofthesocietywhoemphasizedmen’sindependenceandabilityinthesocietyandintheworld.
RobinsonCrusoe’s28yearsontheislandfurtherexplainedtheimportanceofknowledgeandthegrandnessofhumanpower.Hehadtofightwiththebarbarismandwildnessoftheisland.Atthesametimehetriedtoreconstructandcreateanew“civilizedsociety”ofhimself.Thiswastheimprovementofhumaninunderstandingandmasteringnature.RobinsonCrusoewassucceededinfightingforalivingontheisland,whichimpliedmen’sgreatpotentialforconqueringtheworldinreality.
RobinsonCrusoewasnotasingleadventurer.Hewastheembodimentofpeopleofhistime.Hisexcitingexperienceswerethepracticeofhumanisminreality.
Thisthesis,basedonthepreviousresearchwork,triestoanalyzethehumanismreflectedbyRobinsonCrusoe.Withthisanalysis,ithopestoarousereaders’moreinteresttothisnovelandenhancetheirunderstandingofthisnovel.
2HumanisminEngland
2.1Thedevelopmentofhumanism
The16thcenturyinEnglandwasaperiodofbreakingupthefeudalrelationsandestablishingthefoundationofcapitalism.Newsocialandeconomicconditionsbroughtaboutgreatchangesinthedevourmentofscienceandart.
Renaissance,risinginItalyandthenspreadtoothercountries,includingEngland.Withtheuseofcoinedmoneyandthedevelopmentofsocialeconomy,thecenterofsociallifeshiftedfromthemanortotowns.Thefeudalnobilitygraduallylosttheirpowerandthebourgeoisie’spowerwasstrengthened.ThediscoveriesofColumbusandMagellaningeographyalsoplayedaveryimportantroleinthedevelopmentofsociety.Itnotonlyopenedupthetraderoadtothedifferentpartoftheworld,butalsobroadenedmen’smind.Itarousesmen’scuriosityforexploringtheoutsideworldinsteadofjuststayingathome.Copernicus’sheliocentrictheorygavepeopleabetterknowledgeoftheheavensandshatteredthedominantsuperstitionforages.
ThetermRenaissanceoriginallyindicatedarevivalofclassicalartsandsciencesaftertheMiddleAges.Indeed,agreatnumberoftheworksofclassicalauthorsweretranslatedintoEnglishduringthe16thcentury.Theprogressivethinkersofhumanistscarriedonthestudyandpropagationofclassicallearningandart.Theyheldtheirchiefinterestnotinecclesiasticalknowledge,butinman.Theybravelyfoughtfortheemancipationofmanfromthetyrannyofthechurchandreligiousdogmas.
HumanismwasthemovingspiritofRenaissance,theproductofanenvironmentcreatedbythewealthandenergyofanewclass,thebourgeoisie.ThecoreofthespiritofhumanismwastoheightenhumanstatusandlowerGod’sstationinhumanmind.Theyextolledthedignityandthevalueofpeopleandopposedtothecontempttowardshumanbeings.
Tosumup,itcanbeseenclearlythathumanismdevelopedprosperouslyinEnglandandithadgreatinfluencetovariousfields,especiallytoliteratureandart.
2.2Theinfluenceofhumanismtoliteraryfield
Humanismmadeastrongobjectiontothemedievalsuperstitionandemphasizedman’spowerandfreedomintheworld.IthadagreatinfluencetowardsEnglishliteraryfield.
ChaucerwasoneoftheearliesthumanistwritersinEngland.Hewasalsothefounderoftherealisticliteratureoftheperiod.Atthistime,RenaissancehadnotspreadtoEnglandyet,superstitioncontrolledpeople’smind.HisjourneytoGenoaandFlorenceinItalyin1373wasofparticularsignificance,asitbroughthimintocontactwiththenewtendenciesoftherenaissanceinItalianliterature.Hewasfascinatedbythehumanismandreflectedtheideasinhislaterworks.
CanterburyTaleswasthemasterpieceofChaucer.Hecreatedavividpanoramaofhistimeandcountry,fillingwiththecharacteristicoftheageofRenaissance.Hebelievedintherightofmantoearthlyhappinessandwaseagertoseemanfreedfromsuperstitionandablindbeliefinfate.Hewasalwayskeentopraisemen’senergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife.Buthealsohadhislimitations.Hecouldnotcompletelydevoidofmedievalprejudices,whichwerealsoreflectedinthetale.
Inthe16thcentury,RenaissancehadspreadtoEnglandandhadgreatinfluencetowardsthewritersofthetime.OxfordUniversitybecamethefirstimportantcenterofancientclassicalcultureinEngland,and“OxfordReformers”helpedtospreadthelightofnewscienceandnewworldoutlookandcombatmedievalscholasticismandthuslaidthefoundationfortheriseofanewliterature.Amongthem,therewasoutstandinghumanistThomasMoreandhisUtopia.
ThereweretwopartsinUtopia.ThefirstchaptergaveusavividdescriptionoftheEnglandatthetime.Thesecondchapterwasmoresignificant.HereMorecreatedtousanidealsociety.Asanearlyhumanist,MorewentfurtherthantheotherhumanistsofRenaissance.InUtopia,Morepointedoutthatallthecitizens,menandwomen,hadthesamerights.
ThomasMore,becauseofhistime,alsohadhislimitations,suchastheexistenceofslavesandtheinequalitybetweenwivesandhusbands.
ThehighestexpressionsofhumanismweretobefoundinthedaysofQueenElizabeth.ThemostprominentfigureamongtheUniversityWitsisChristopherMarlowe.Amonghisgreatworks,TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustusisthemostremarkableone,whichisbasedonapopularoldGermanlegend.WhileunderthepenofMarlowe,itgivesthestoryanewmeaning,showingman’sinsatiabledesireforknowledgeinRenaissance.
Inthestory,DoctorFaustussoldhisownsoultotheDevilinreturnsforthemagicalpowerofknowledge.Tohim,tobeknowledgewastheonlywaytoconquernatureandrealizehisideals.
ThetragedyofDoctorFaustuswascharacteristicofthehumanistattheageofRenaissance.DoctorFaustusintheplayhadanoverpoweringpassionforknowledge,whichhewoulddoanythingtogetit,evenwithhisownsoul.HewasalsoamanfreedfromthedogmasandlawsiftheMiddleAgesandcompletelybelievedthehumanpowerforconqueringnature.Men,notGodorthekings,weretherealruleroftheworld.Theyfullyrepresentedtheprogressiveideasofthehumanists,whichemphasizedthegreatpowerofthehumanbeings.Buttheyalsorevealedtheirweakness.Whilethirstingforknowledge,theyforgottheconditionforobtainingit.Firsttheyhadtohaveafiercebattlewithreligionandsuperstitionoffeudalism,whichtheystillcould
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