History and Culture文档格式.docx
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History and Culture文档格式.docx
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FundamentalOrdersofConnecticut
1640:
RhodeIslandformed
1643:
NewEnglandConfederationformed
1650-1660:
NavigationActs
1652:
RhodeIslandpassesanti-slaverylaw
1656:
QuakerscometoAmerica
1662:
Half-WayCovenant
1663:
Carolinachartered
1670:
CharlesTowneestablished
1673:
firstpostriderused
1675-1676:
KingPhilip'
sWar
1676:
Bacon'
sRebellion
1679:
NewHampshirechartered
1681:
PennfoundsPennsylvania
1682:
LaSalleclaimsLouisianaforFrench
1690:
SalemWitchTrials
1704:
BostonNews-Letterfounded
1730s:
GreatAwakening
1732:
firstpublicstagecoachline
HatAct
1733:
MolassesAct
OglethorpefoundsGeorgia
1750:
IronAct
1754-1763:
FrenchandIndianWar
1763-1765:
Pontiac'
1763:
RoyalProclamationof1763
1764:
SugarAct
CurrencyAct
1765:
QuarteringAct
StampAct
1766:
DeclaratoryAct
1767-1770:
TownshendActs
1770:
BostonMassacre
1772:
CommitteesofCorrespondenceestablished
1773:
TeaAct
BostonTeaParty
1774:
FirstContinentalCongress
1775:
BooneblazesWildernessRoad
SecondContinentalCongress
ContinentalArmyformed
1775-1783:
RevolutionaryWar
1776:
DeclarationofIndependence
Americaactuallybeganintwodifferentplacesfortwodifferentreasons.In1607,some100menandboyssailingfromEnglandlandedinpresent-dayVirginiaandfoundedJamestown.
In1620,agroupofEnglishmenandwomencametoAmericawithadifferentmission.HavinggivenupontheChurchofEngland,whichtheythoughthadbecometoomuchliketheCatholicChurch,theseSeparatistPuritanssoughttoestablishanidealchurchinAmerica.LedbyWilliamBradford.
Bythe1760s,Englandandits13Americancolonieswerequarrelingoversettlement,government,andtaxes,especiallythoseimposedbytheStampActof1765.Finally,in1775,skirmishesbrokeoutinLexingtonandConcord,Massachusetts.In1776,ThomasPaineralliedcolonistswithapamphletcalledCommonSense,andThomasJeffersondraftedtheDeclarationofIndependence.Overthenextfiveyears,GeneralGeorgeWashingtonledtheAmericansagainsttheBritish.In1781,asurrenderofsome8,000BritishtroopsatYorktown,Virginia--coupledwithgrowingresentmentagainstthewarinEngland--ledtheBritishtogiveupthecolonies.EnglandofficiallyrecognizedAmericanindependenceintheTreatyofParis,negotiatedbyBenjaminFranklinandothersin1783.
FromtheestablishmentofJamestowntotheTreatyofParisandtosomeextentevenafterward,AmericanculturestronglyresembledBritishculture.
Immigrationfromavarietyofplacesnotonlycausedthepopulationinthecoloniestogrowfrom250,000in1700to2.5millionin1775,butresultedinadiversepopulace.Recordsfrom1790showthat50percentofthecolonistscouldtracetheirheritagebacktoEngland,19percenttoAfrica,15percenttoScotlandorIreland,7percenttoGermany,9percenttoWales,theNetherlands,France,Switzerland,Spain,orPortugal.Manyofthesemenandwomenwerefarmersortradespeople.AselectfewattendedAmerica'
searlycolleges--suchasHarvard,establishedin1639,
AntebellumandCivilWarAmerica,1784-1865
1785:
Ordinanceof1785
1786:
Shay'
1787:
NorthwestOrdinance
ConstitutionalConvention
1788:
RatificationofConstitution
1793:
inventionofcottongin
1794:
WhiskeyRebellion
1797-1789:
XYZAffair
1798:
AlienandSeditionActs
NullificationDoctrine
1801-1805:
TripolitanWar
1803:
Marburyv.Madison
LouisianaPurchase
1804:
LewisandClarkexpedition
1805:
shoemakers'
strike
1807:
EmbargoAct
1812-1815:
Warof1812
1817:
firststeamboatappearsinSt.Louis
Mississippibecomes20thstate
1818:
Illinoisbecomes21ststate
openingofNationalRoad
1819:
Panicof1819
acquisitionofFlorida
Alabamabecomes22ndstate
1820:
MissouriCompromise
Mainebecomes23rdstate
1821:
Missouribecomes24thstate
1823:
MonroeDoctrine
1825:
completionofErieCanal
1826:
Holbrookfoundslyceum
1829:
electionofAndrewJackson
1830:
formationofBaltimoreand1830:
Godey'
sLady'
sBookfounded
1831:
NatTurner'
1832:
Tariffof1832
1833:
U.S.TemperanceSocietyformed
1834:
McCormickpatentsreaper
1835:
Coltpatentsrevolver
1836:
MountHolyokeFemaleSeminaryfounded
BattleoftheAlamo
Arkansasbecomes25thstate
1835-1842:
SecondSeminoleWar
1837:
Michiganbecomes26thstate
1837-1844:
Panicof1837
1843-1859:
OregonTrailmigration
1845:
Texasbecomesastate
1846:
MormonsfoundSaltLakeCity
1844:
Morsedemonstratestelegraph1846:
SmithsonianInstitutionfounded
Howepatents"
sewingjenny"
WilmotProviso
1846-1848:
Mexican-AmericanWar
1848-1850:
CaliforniaGoldRush
Mortonintroducesether
1848:
SenecaFallsconvention
1850:
Compromiseof1850
1850-1860:
railroadboom
1850-1865:
daguerreotypecraze
1853:
GadsdenPurchase
1854-1858:
Kansas-NebraskaAct
1857:
DredScottdecision
Panicof1857
1859:
JohnBrown'
srevolt
1860:
PonyExpressruns
1862:
HomesteadAct
1862-1869:
TranscontinentalRailroadbuilt
1863:
EmancipationProclamation
1864:
ArlingtonCemeterybegun
1865:
Lincolnassassinated
Theperiodfrom1784to1865wasatimeofbothexpansionanddivisionintheUnitedStates.AfterwinningtheirindependencefromBritainintheRevolutionaryWar,AmericansgraduallyexpandedtheirnationtotheWest.Indeed,newspapereditorJohnO'
Sullivanfamouslyproclaimedin1845thatthelandtotheWestoftheoriginalcoloniesbelongedtotheUnitedStates"
byrightofourmanifestdestinytooverspreadandtopossessthewholeofthecontinentwhichProvidencehasgivenusforthedevelopmentofthegreatexperimentoflibertyandfederatativeself-governmententrustedtous."
Therealitywasnotasattractiveasthisidealisticsentiment.Foronething,whiletheMormonswhomigratedtomodern-dayUtahinthe1840scertainlysoughtliberty,mostoftheotherpeoplewhosettledtheWestweremotivatedbymaterialconcerns.ThepioneerswhotraveledontheOregonTrailinthe1830sand1840s,forexample,soughtlandwheretheycouldearnadecentliving,whilesomeheadingwestduringthe1849CaliforniaGoldRushhopedtogetrich.Furthermore,theprocessofsettling--or,insomecases,exploiting--thislandinvolvedmanyunsavoryconsequences,includingconflictswithNativeAmericans,destructionofbuffalo,andmistreatmentofChineseimmigrants.WhileAmericawasexpandingwest,italsowasdividingbetweennorthandsouth.InthenorthernUnitedStates,wheretheeconomywaslargelyindustrial,manyAmericansopposedslaveryandtriedtorestrictitsspreadorevenoutlawitentirely.Thesouthernstates,ontheotherhand,hadaprimarilyagriculturaleconomyanddependedheavilyonslavelabor.Despiteattemptsatcompromise,suchastheMissouriCompromiseof1820andtheCompromiseof1850,11southernstateseventuallysecededfromtheUnionandformedtheConfederateStatesofAmerica.IntheAmericanCivilWar,whichlastedfrom1861to1865,theConfederateArmyofthesouth--seekingitsindependence--foughtagainstthenorth'
sUnionArmy,whichsoughttopreservetheUnion.ThewarendedwhenConfederateGeneralRobertE.LeesurrenderedtoUnionGeneralUlyssesS.GrantatAppomattoxCourthouseinVirginia.
TheAmericancultureofthisperiodshowedthesamehunger,confidence,andsenseofadventurethatcharacterizedthewestwardmigration.Whilewesternpioneerswereexploringandsettlingtheland,otherAmericansbrokegroundinthescientific,social,andartisticrealms.MajorinventionsincludedEliWhitney'
scottonginin1793,SamuelB.Morse'
stelegraphin1844,andEliasHowe'
s"
in1846.Between1830,whentheBaltimoreandOhioRailroadbecamethefirsttooperateinAmerica,andthecompletionoftheTranscontinentalRailroadin1869,Americanlaborerslaidmorethan30,000milesoftrack.Meanwhile,dramaticchangestookplaceinAmericansociety,thankstosocialreformerssuchaseducatorsHoraceMannandCatharineBeecher,prisonreformerDorotheaDix,women'
sadvocateLucretiaMott,andabolitionistsFrederickDouglass,JohnBrown,andWilliamLloydGarrison.Thiswasalsotheageoftemperancesocietiesandutopiancommunities,includingNewHarmonyandBrookFarm.Finally,Americanswerereadingmorethantheyeverhadandwerewitnessingimportantdevelopmentsinthefieldofart.LiterateAmericanscouldchoosefromnumerousmagazinesandnewspapers,including47newspapersinNewYorkalonein1830.NewYorkerspackedafreegalleryoperatedbytheAmericanArt-Union,anassociationofartistsandpatronswhosoughttopromoteAmericanart,andtheworldsawtheemergenceofseveralimportantAmericanartists,includingAlbertBierstadt,ThomasCole,andHiramPowers.
1865-1867:
SiouxWar
13thAmendmentabolishesslavery
1866:
14thAmendmentgivesblacksrighttovoteandequalprotection
KKKfounded
1867:
ReconstructionAct
1868:
PresidentJohnsonimpeached
1869:
TranscontinentalRailroadcompleted
1872:
MontgomeryWardopens
1872-1874:
Buffalodestr
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